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Contents
Preface
Chapter 1 The Internet is Everywhere
1.1 Basic Facts Do Not Tell the Story
1.2 Imagine Life Without the Internet
1.3 Why you Should Understand Internet Technology
1.4 Learning About the Internet
1.5 Understanding the Big Picture
1.6 Terminology and Technology
1.7 Growth and Adaptability
1.8 The Impact of the Internet
1.9 Organization of the Book
1.10 A Personal Note
PART I Before The Internet
Chapter 2 Telephones Everywhere
2.1 Introduction
2.2 A Communication Service
2.3 Selling Communication
2.4 Limited Access
2.5 High Cost
2.6 The Difficult Transition
2.7 Ubiquitous Access
2.8 Relevance to the Internet
2.9 Summary
Chapter 3 The World was Once Analog
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sound, Vibrations, and Analog Recording
3.3 Analog Electronic Devices
3.4 Many Electronic Devices Are Analog
3.5 The First Analog Communication
3.6 Sending An Analog Signal Across A Wire
3.7 Analog Is Simple But Inaccurate
3.8 A Definition Of Digital
3.9 Digital Music
3.10 Recording Sound As Numbers
3.11 Converting Between Analog And Digital Forms
3.12 Why Did Digital Music Take Over?
3.13 Summary
Chapter 4 The Past and Present Digital Network
4.1 Introduction
4.2 The World was Previously Digital
4.3 A Telegraph was Digital
4.4 Morse Code
4.5 Letters and Digits in Morse Code
4.6 Telegraph Users did Not Encounter Morse Code
4.7 Virtually Instant Communication
4.8 Speed Is Relative
4.9 The Telephone Eventually Became Digital
4.10 Relevance To The Internet
4.11 Binary Encoding Of Data On The Internet
4.12 Why Use Two Symbols?
4.13 Summary
Chapter 5 Basic Communication
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Communication Using Electricity
5.3 Sending Signals
5.4 Using Signals To Send Information
5.5 Modem: A Modulator and a Demodulator Combined
5.6 How Modems Allow Two-Way Traffic
5.7 A Character Code for Digital Information
5.8 Bits And Bytes
5.9 Detecting Errors
5.10 Summary
Chapter 6 Local Area Networks
6.1 Introduction
6.2 The Digital Revolution
6.3 The Move to Multiple Computers
6.4 Removable Media and Manual Transfer
6.5 Early Computers Used Circuit Boards
6.6 LANs
6.7 The LAN Approach
6.8 LAN Hardware
6.9 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Connections
6.10 Wired and Wireless LAN Technologies
6.11 Wireless PAN Technology
6.12 Connecting a Device to an Ethernet
6.13 Connecting a Device to a Wi-Fi Network
6.14 Wi-Fi Security
6.15 The Importance of LAN Technology
6.16 Relationship to the Internet
PART II A Brief History Of The Internet
Chapter 7 Internet: Motivation and Beginnings
7.1 A Proliferation of LANs
7.2 No Technology Solves All Problems
7.3 Wide Area Network Technologies
7.4 Can We Build A Global WAN?
7.5 U.S. Department of Defense Networking Research
7.6 Experimental Research
7.7 The Internet Emerges
7.8 The ARPANET Backbone
7.9 Internet Software
7.10 The Name Is TCP/ IP
7.11 The Surprising Choice Of Open Standards
7.12 Open Communication Systems Win
7.13 Placing Internet Technical Documentation Online
7.14 The U.S. Military Adopted TCP/ IP
7.15 Summary
Chapter 8 The Incredible Growth
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Stimulating Adoption
8.3 Meanwhile, Back in Computer Science
8.4 The Internet Meets Unix
8.5 The U.S. Military Makes a Commitment
8.6 The Internet Doubled in Size in One Year
8.7 Internet for Every Computer Science Department
8.8 Graduate Student Volunteers Contribute
8.9 Internet Governance: The IAB and IETF
8.10 NSF Led Internet Expansion
8.11 NSF Target: All of Science and Engineering
8.12 The NSFNET Backbone
8.13 On to the ANS Backbone
8.14 Commercialization
8.15 Exponential Growth
8.16 When Will Growth End?
PART III Inside The Internet
Chapter 9 Packet Switching
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sharing To Reduce Cost
9.3 Sharing By Taking Turns
9.4 Avoiding Long Delays
9.5 Long Messages And Short Packets
9.6 Each Packet Contains Extra Information
9.7 Devices Have Addresses
9.8 Packet Size
9.9 To Humans, Packet Transmission Seems Instantaneous
9.10 Sharing Occurs On Demand
9.11 Relevance To The Internet
9.12 Summary
Chapter 10 Internet: A Network of Networks
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Building A Global Network
10.3 Two Fundamental Concepts
10.4 Using A Specialized Computer To Interconnect Networks
10.5 Internet Terminology: Routers And Hosts
10.6 Building A Large Virtual Network
10.7 The Internet Includes Multiple Types Of Networks
10.8 Ownership, ISPs, And Transit Traffic
10.9 A Hierarchy Of ISPs
10.10 Peering Arrangements At The Center Of The Internet
10.11 An Example Trip Through The Internet
10.12 The Internet Approach Revolutionized Networking
10.13 Summary
Chapter 11 Internet Access Using Broadband and Wireless
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Access Technologies For The Last Mile
11.3 Dial-up Internet Access
11.4 Narrowband And Broadband Access
11.5 Leased Data Circuit Access
11.6 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) Access
11.7 Cable Modem Access
11.8 Wireless Access Technologies
11.9 Cellular Wireless Access (4G and 5G)
11.10 Summary
Chapter 12 Internet Performance
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Network Speed
12.3 What Does Speed Mean?
12.4 Brick Delivery
12.5 Transfers Across the Internet
12.6 Connecting Heterogeneous Networks
12.7 The Effect of Sharing
12.8 Delays In The Internet
12.9 Should You Pay for Higher Speed Internet?
12.10 Summary
Chapter 13 IP: Software to Create A Virtual Network
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Protocol: An Agreement For Communication
13.3 Basic Functionality: The Internet Protocol
13.4 Packets Arrive Unchanged
13.5 Internet Software on Your Device
13.6 Internet Packets Are Called Datagrams
13.7 Providing The Illusion Of A Giant Network
13.8 The Internet’s Internal Structure
13.9 Datagrams Travel Inside Network Packets
13.10 Internet Addresses
13.11 IPv4 And IPv6
13.12 Permanent and Temporary IP Addresses
13.13 Summary
Chapter 14 TCP: Software for Reliable Communication
14.1 Introduction
14.2 A Packet Switching System Can Be Overrun
14.3 Software to Handle Congestion and Datagram Loss
14.4 The Magic of Recovering Lost Datagrams
14.5 TCP’s Sophisticated Retransmission Algorithm
14.6 Handling Congestion
14.7 TCP and IP Work Together
14.8 Summary
Chapter 15 Clients, Servers, and Internet Services
15.1 Introduction
15.2 All Services are Outside the Internet
15.3 Software Provides All Services
15.4 Services Use Client And Server Apps
15.5 A Server Must Always Run
15.6 Multiple Clients Can Access A Server Simultaneously
15.7 Ambiguous Terminology
15.8 Summary
Chapter 16 Names for Computers
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Computer Names
16.3 Computer Names Past and Present
16.4 A Computer’s Name Must Be Unique
16.5 Using Suffixes to Make Each Name Unique
16.6 Domain Names with More than Three Labels
16.7 Top-Level Domains Before And After ICANN
16.8 Domain Names Outside the US
16.9 Translating a Name to an IP Address
16.10 Many Domain Name Servers
16.11 Looking Up A Domain Name
16.12 A Personal Story About A DNS Problem
16.13 Summary
Chapter 17 Sharing An Internet Connection (NAT)
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Multiple Devices Sharing a Single IP Address
17.3 Wireless Routers and NAT
17.4 How A Wireless Router Works
17.5 Datagram Modification
17.6 Your Device Can Act Like a Wireless Router
17.7 You Probably Use NAT Every Day
17.8 Why Internet Size is Difficult To Estimate
17.9 Summary
Chapter 18 Why the Internet Works Well
18.1 Introduction
18.2 The Internet Works Extremely Well
18.3 Flexibility to Accommodate Arbitrary Networks
18.4 Flexibility To Accommodate New Apps Quickly
18.5 The Advantage of Being Open and Vendor Independent
18.6 An Extremely Efficient Design
18.7 Packet Switc...
