Experimental Self-Portraits in Early French Photography
Jillian Lerner
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Experimental Self-Portraits in Early French Photography
Jillian Lerner
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This book explores a range of experimental self-portraits made in France between 1840 and 1870, including remarkable images by Hippolyte Bayard, Nadar, Duchenne de Boulogne, and Countess de Castiglione. Adapting photography for different social purposes, each of these pioneers showcased their own body as a living artifact and iconic attraction.
Jillian Lerner considers performative portraits that exhibit uncanny transformations of identity and embodiment. She highlights the tactical importance of photographic demonstrations, promotions, conversations, and the mongrel forms of montage, painted photographs, and captioned specimens. The author shows how photographic practices are mobilized in diverse cultural contexts and enmeshed with the histories of art, science, publicity, urban spectacle, and private life in nineteenth-century France. Tracing calculated and creative approaches to a new medium, this research also contributes to an archaeology of the present. It furnishes a prehistory of the "selfie" and offers historical perspectives on the forces that reshape human perception and social experience.
This interdisciplinary study will appeal to readers interested in the history of photography, art, visual culture, and media studies.
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The corpse which you see here is that of M. Bayard, inventor of the process that you have just seen, or the marvellous results of which you are soon going to see. To my knowledge, this ingenious and indefatigable researcher has been working for about three years to perfect his invention. The Academy, the King, and all those who have seen his pictures, that he himself found imperfect, have admired them as you do at this moment. This has brought him much honour but has not yielded him a single farthing. The government, having given too much to M. Daguerre, said it could do nothing for M. Bayard and the unhappy man drowned himself. Oh! The fickleness of human affairs! Artists, scholars, journalists were occupied with him for a long time, but here he has been at the morgue for several days, and no-one has recognized or claimed him. Ladies and Gentlemen, youâd better pass along for fear of offending your sense of smell, for as you can observe, the face and hands of the gentleman are beginning to decay. H.B. 18 October 1840.7
In his own cursive script Bayard puts forward this photograph as physical evidence of his claim to invention, an object of wonder and diversion, and a scandalous editorial about current events in the race for plural photographies. He introduces the fictional premise of the inventorâs suicide, emphasizing issues of anonymity and recognition. He also presents his body as a macabre visual attraction and underlines its status as a fragile material object subject to decomposition. All of these issues have special significance with respect to the visual culture of the morgue and the challenges of early photography.
Locals and tourists came to this exhibit in droves, ostensibly to perform a civic duty, but also to partake of an unusual attraction that offered a mixture of visual, sexual, and social pleasures. The gruesome, intriguing, and theatrical qualities of this urban venue were emphasized in numerous caricatures and guides to Paris. Clearly people were curious about the look of expired, naked, and violated bodies. As Vanessa Schwartz has shown, visitors were equally intrigued about how those bodies were linked to sensational reports circulating in local gossip and the popular press; the cadavers could illustrate and embellish the experience of ârealâ news stories, often shocking cases of violence, sexual deviance, or injustice.11 Here at the morgue, viewers could actively participate in the mystery of an anonymous corpse: they could peruse the physical evidence at firsthand, cross-reference what they saw with information they had read or heard, attempt to puzzle out the backstory, or perh...