The Greeks and Romans in the Black Sea and the Importance of the Pontic Region for the Graeco-Roman World (7th century BC-5th century AD): 20 Years On (1997-2017)

Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities (Constanţa – 18-22 September 2017)

Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Alexandru Avram, James Hargrave, Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Alexandru Avram, James Hargrave

• Verlag: Archaeopress Archaeology
• Jahr: 2021
• eBook-ISBN: 9781789697599
• Thema: History
• Thema: Roman Ancient History

The Greeks and Romans in the Black Sea presents the Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress on Black Sea Antiquities, dedicated to the 90th birthday of Prof. Sir John Boardman, President of the Congress since its inception. It was held in Constan?a in September 2017 with the same theme as the first of these congresses, which took place just down the coast in Varna 20 years earlier ('the Greeks and Romans in the Black Sea and the importance of the Pontic region for the Graeco-Roman world between the 7th century BC and 5th century AD'), celebrating the work of successive congresses in bringing together scholars and scholarship from Eastern and Western Europe and the extensive progress of 'Black Sea Studies' in the intervening years. Overall, 85 papers were received for publication from authors in Western and Eastern Europe—there is also a full set of the abstracts submitted to the Congress in Appendix 2. As with previous congresses, the work is divided into sections, the largest of which, the fourth, is, following a pattern established with the first congress, devoted to New Excavations and Projects. The opening lectures and various papers in the first sections reflect (on) the '20 years on' in the title. The vast majority of contributions are in English, a handful each in French and German.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

• Cover
• Title Page
• Copyright page
• Contents Page
• Principal Editor’s Preface and Acknowledgments
• Message from the President of the International Organising Committee
• Welcome by the Secretary-General
• List of Abbreviations
• List of Illustrations
• Gocha R. Tsetskhladze
• Pontic studies twenty years on: terra incognita?
• Alexandru Avram
• Studies in Pontic epigraphy 1997-2017. Reviews and prospects
• Foundation of Greek Colonies and the Character of Greek Colonisation; their Relationship with Pontic and Near Eastern Local Populations
• Section 1
• Jan G. de Boer
• The ‘Western Cimmerians’ and the first Greek settlers in the Troad
• Figure 1: G2-3 ware from Troy (after Aslan 2011, 391)
• Figure 2: The harbour of Troy in the 7th century BC.
• Figure 3: List of 17 thalassocracies from Diodorus (after Myres 1906, 88).
• Figure 4: Map of the possible maritime activities from the Treres in Anatolia.
• Colonisation and Foundation Myth in the Pontic Regions
• Ivy Faulkner-Gentry
• Founding the Black Sea settlements. Between literary and archaeological narratives
• John Brendan Knight
• Figure 1: Models of overseas settlement.
• Figure 2: Chronology of urban features at selected settlements.
• Alexandar Portalsky
• Colonisation of Miletus in the Propontis and Pontus – the view from Sardis
• Dan Dana
• L’onomastique des magistrats monétaires d’Apollonia du Pont
• Madalina Dana
• Lieve Donnellan
• Understanding Greek-native interaction in early Greek Black Sea colonisation. An example from Istros/Histria
• Figure 1: Tumulus XX (adapted from Alexandrescu 1966, 1966, 145, fig. 14).
• Figure 2: Tumulus XVII (adapted from Alexandrescu and Eftimie 1959, 146-47, figs. 5-6).
• Figure 3: Tumulus XIX (adapted from Alexandrescu 1966, 151, fig. 17).
• Figure 4: Tumulus XII (adapted from Alexandrescu 1966, 156, fig. 19)
• Figure 5: Map listing native parallels for the distribution of tomb type JAa1 (after Alexandrescu 1966, 266 fig. 63).
• Figure 6: Various network configurations. The ability of a node to reach any other one depends on its place in the network (after Barabàsi 2002, 145 fig. 11.1).
• Figure 7: Map of the sites used in the analysis.
• Figure 8: Network of burial sites (red dots) and the main characteristics included in the analysis (blue dots). The closer the nodes, the more they are coincident (resemble each other).
• Orgame Necropolis: A contextual study of the earliest pottery imports
• Pierre Dupont
• Vasilica Lungu
• Figure 1: Map of Orgame with location of nearby Archaic necropolis.
• Figure 3: Orgame necropolis. Tumulus T.A95.
• Figure 5: East Greek dull black-glazed oinochoe (last third of the 7th century BC).
• Figure 6: Ionian cup of Villard A1/Hayes II type (ca. 630-590 BC).
• Figure 7: Ionian cup of Villard A1/Hayes II type (ca. 630 BC).
• Figure 8: Amphora of Clazomenian type (ca. 650-620 BC).
• Figure 10: MWG II oinochoe issued from Straits workshop (turn of the 7th century/early 6th century BC).
• Figure 11: Button-based Ionian bowl (turn of 7th century BC) from outside burial m. 3.
• Figure 12: Flaring pedestalled deinos-stand from outside burial m. 3.
• Figure 9: Amphorae of Lesbian grey type: mouth, two ring-based bottoms (second half of the 7th century BC).
• Figure 13: Corinthian MC (ca. 600-580 BC)/LC I (ca. 580-550 BC) aryballos with quatrefoil pattern.
• Figure 14: Streamlined grey oinochoe (second quarter of the 6th century BC).
• Figure 15: Bobbin-shaped grey deinos stand.
• Figure 16: Amphora of Lesbian red type (last third of 7th/first half of 6th century BC?).
• Figure 17: Handmade Getic urn with finger impressed string pattern (third quarter/beginning last quarter of the 6th century BC).
• Figure 18: Grey table-amphora with low convex lip (second half of the 7th-first half of the 6th century BC).
• Figure 19: Amphora of Lesbian grey type (second half of the 6th century BC).
• Figure 20: Button-based Ionian bowl (ca. 620-590 BC).
• Figure 21: Mouth of Corinthian aryballos.
• Figure 22: Amphora of Lesbian red type (late 7th-first half of the 6th century BC).
• Figure 23: Ionian cup of Villard A1 type (ca. 640/30-600 BC).
• Figure 24: North Ionian ring askos (ca. 630-600 BC).
• Figure 26: Biconical grey oinochoe (turn of the 7th century BC).
• Figure 27: North Ionian ring askos (ca. 610-575 BC).
• Alexander Butyagin
• Myrmekion during and after Greek colonisation
• Figure 1: Myrmekion in the Archaic period. Growth scheme. 1 – First half of 6th century BC, 2 – Second half of 6th century BC, 3 – First quarter of 5th century BC, 4 – Second quarter of 5th century BC, a – settlement, b – necropolis, c – fortification w
• Figure 2: Myrmekion. Child’s grave in Samian amphora, third quarter of 6th century BC.
• Figure 3: Myrmekion. Part of regular quarter in the central part of the settlement, first quarter of 5th century BC.
• Figure 4: Myrmekion. Plan of the northern part of the Late Archaic regular quarter.
• Figure 5: Map of Kerch Bay in antiquity.
• Comparative research between the Macedonian tombs and the Scythian kurgans
• Peli Plika
• Figure 1: Golden earrings from the Kul-Oba kurgan.
• Figure 2: Golden earrings from the Tomb Z at Derveni (after Themelis and Touratsoglou 1997, 26).
• Figure 3: Necklace from Nymhaeum (after Redfern 2012, 66).
• Figure 4: Necklace from Tomb Z at Derveni (after Themelis and Touratsoglou 1997, 24).
• Figure 5: The neck of the Derveni krater.
• Figure 6: The golden gorget from the Tolstaya Mogila kurgan.
• Figure 7: The golden gorget from the antechamber of Tomb II at Vergina.
• Figure 8: Golden gorytus from the Tomb II at Vergina (after Andronikos 1984, 182-83).
• Figure 9: Golden gorytus from the Karagodeuashkh kurgan, Kuban region
• Salih Kaymakçi
• Giresun and its vicinity in the Greek colonisation period
• Figure 1: Map of the eastern part of the Pontic coast of Turkey in the Greek colonisation period.
• Figure 2: Pottery of Greek colonisation period from Giresun (after Doksanaltı and Ekici 2017, 393).
• Figure 3: Eynesil fortress, Giresun.
• Figure 4: Eynesil fortress. Workshop out of the walls.
• Figure 5: Zephyron Point, Giresun.
• Alexandre Baralis
• Krastina Panayotova
• Martin Gyuzelev
• Between crisis and conflicts: the territory of Apollonia Pontica in the late classical and early Hellenistic periods
• Figure 1: Apollonia Pontica and the western Black Sea coast (DAO P. Pentsch).
• Figure 2: Plan of rural site Messarite 4 (T. Bogdanova and A. Kamenarov).
• Figure 3: Aerial view of Messarite 4 (L. Damelet).
• Figure 4: Plan of the rural building Sveta Marina 1 (C. Christov).
• Figure 5: Aerial view of Sveta Marina 1 (L. Damelet).
• Figure 6: Aerial view of Messarite 4 (L. Damelet).
• Figure 7: Rural building Messarite 6 (A. Baralis).
• Figure 8: Lead sling bullet in 2019 on the site of Messarite 4 (PIN 412) (K, Panayotova).
• Aleksei Kasparov
• The farming of the Azov coast of East Crimea: a unique type of ‘agricultural fortress’
• Figure 1: Location of sites mentioned on the Azov coast of the Crimea.
• Figure 2: The degree of similarity of the species structure of faunal collections from the Hellenistic settlements of the Kerch peninsula.
• Figure 3: Anatomical composition of the main bone groups of osteological remains of cattle from some Hellenistic sites of the Kerch peninsula.
• Despoina Vovoura
• Women warriors(?) and the Amazon myth: the evidence of female burials with weapons in the Black Sea area
• Figure 1: Skelki Cemetery, Burial 44, plan and section of the burial and grave-goods (after Fialko 2013, 207).
• Figure 2: Mamay-Gora cemetery, sets of grave-goods 1: Kurgan 54; 2: Kurgan 71; 3: Kurgan 85; 4: Kurgan 100; 5: Kurgan 139; 6: Kurgan 138 (after Fialko 2010, 194).
• Figure 3: Novoye cemetery, Kurgan 6, plan and section of the burial and grave-goods (after Boltryk and Fialko 2011, 146).
• Figure 4: Novoye cemetery, Kurgan 8, plan and section of the burial and grave-goods (after Boltryk and Fialko 2011, 149).
• Figure 5: Novoye cemetery, Kurgan 12, plan and section of the burial and grave-goods (after Boltryk and Fialko 2011, 166).
• Figure 6: Tumulus 22, Vinogradnoe village, location of the sword (after Fialko 2012, 223).
• Figure 7: Tumulus 22, Vinogradnoe village, grave-goods (after Fialko 2012, 224).
• Section 2
• Pontus and Athens; Pontic Art; Religion; Navigation and Trade; Pontic Kingdoms
• Thibaut Castelli
• Thasos et la mer Noire aux époques classique et hellénistique: ‘grandeur et décadence’ d’un circuit économique
• Tableau 1: Fréquences absolues et parts des timbres thasiens dans les principaux centres consommateurs du Pont Gauche.
• Tableau 2: Fréquences absolues et parts des timbres sinopéens dans les principaux centres consommateurs du Pont Gauche.
• Marios Kamenou
• From the tower of Kronos to the island of Achilles: placing Leuce in the Greek conception of heroic apotheosis
• Alexandra Lițu, Valentin Bottez et Alexandra Țârlea
• Cultes marins, cultes ioniens en mer Noire
• Veronika Sossau
• Imports and imitations? Some observations on Archaic kouroi discovered in the Black Sea region
• Figure 1: Find-spots of draped kouroi (the Athenian examples are excluded from this map) (map: Nasa Visible Earth; drawings by author).
• Figure 2: Find-spots of reclining kouroi (map: Nasa Visible Earth; drawings by author).
• Konrad Zimmermann
• Zur Frühgeschichte der Tempelzone von Histria: Vorläufiger Bericht über zwei ältere Fundkomplexe*
• Abb. 1: Histria: Tempelzone, Ansicht von Süden mit Aphrodite-Tempel vorn und Zeus-Tempel dahinter.
• Abb. 2: Histria: Tempelzone, Grabungszustand um 1990.
• Abb. 3: Histria: Aphrodite-Tempel, Sondage 1990 [S 3/1990].
• Abb. 4: Histria: Tempel A’ (Apollon Ietros?), Bothros 1991.
• Manolis Manoledakis
• The Paphlagonians and the Greeks’ perception of them
• Nicolaie Alexandru
• Aspects of the economy of the Greek colonies on the west coast of the Black Sea: end of the Archaic-Hellenistic period
• Figure 1: West coast of the Black Sea showing cities and territories.
• Figure 2: Plan of Albesti.
• Figure 3: Plan of Albesti and chora.
• Mustafa H. Sayar
• Trade routes and the historical geography of the south-western coast of the Black Sea and the Mouth of the Bosporus
• Figure 1: Map of the Propontis, Proconnesus and the Bosporus.
• Figure 2: Ağaçlı. Unfinished marble altar with garland.
• Figure 4: Ağaçlı. Unfinished marble column base.
• Figure 5: Ağaçlı. Unfinished marble column.
• Figure 6: Ağaçlı. Unfinished marble architrave.
• Figure 7: Ağaçlı. Unfinished marble pieces.
• Figure 8: Ağaçlı. Unfinished marble piece.
• Figure 9: Ağaçlı. Round altar.
• Figure 10. Salmydessus-Midia.
• Figure 12: Location of Philea and the shipwreck (after Külzer 2008).
• Figure 14: Yoros Castle and the location of the temple of Zeus Ourois.
• Figure 15: Round marble altar.
• Figure 16: Round altar with column.
• Jan Bouzek and Barbora Weissová
• Pistiros: Urban Planning and Functional Analysis
• Figure 1: Plan of the best-preserved part of Pistiros (AV I) showing features discussed in the text (adapted from map of Kolarova by J. Bouzek, digitised by B. Weissová).
• Figure 2: Plan of intra- and extramural parts of Pistiros featuring the same orientation of the kleroi (adapted from map of Kolarova by J. Bouzek, digitised by B. Weissová).
• Figure 3: Pistiros and its hinterland (B. Weissová).
• Dmitry Chistov
• Some observations on the dynamics of trade in transport amphorae on the Berezan settlement
• Figure 1: Summary statistical table: centers, importers of goods in amphorae (on the basis of excavations of the sector ‘O-Western’, Berezan island, 2004-2016).
• Figure 2: Dynamics of change in imports of goods in amphorae during the 6th-5th centuries BC.
• Figure 3: Chart of the ratio of various production centers of amphorae by the periods and phases.
• Figure 4: Chart of the annual rate of various production centers per periods and phases.
• Tatiana Egorova
• Attic black-glazed import in the European Bosporus in the 6th-2nd centuries BC
• Figure 3: Examples of Corinthian and Boeotian vessels of the 5th century BC from Panticapaeum: 1. Boeotian classical kantharos (after Egorova 2017, fig. 6, pl. 12, no. 59). 2. Small Corinthian oinochoe (after Egorova 2017, fig. 11, pl. 22, no. 100) (dra
• Figure 4: Map of regions exporting black-glazed vessels to the territory of the European Bosporus.
• Figure 5: I. Table of chronological distribution of the vessels for serving food. II. Black-glazed plates with rolled rim from Panticapaeum: 1 – M62, no. 1195 (310-290 BC); 2, 6 – M64, no. 1304 (ca. 200 BC); 3 – М90, no. 119 (ca. 350 BC); 4 – М86, no. 1
• Figure 6: Black-glazed salt-cellars from Panticapaeum: 1 – М65, no. 25 (325-295 BC); 2 – М64, no. 1024 (ca. 300 BC); 3 – М53, no. 997 (ca. 315 BC); 4 – М85, no. 24 (ca. 475 BC); 5 – М52, no. 581 (425-400 BC). Small bowls: 6 – М64, no. 1424 (425-400 BC); 7
• Figure 7: Pie charts and bar chart of ratios of different types of black-glazed vessels from sites of the European Bosporus.
• Figure 8: Attic West Slope amphorae: 1 – М62, no. 107 (225-200 BC); 2 – М62, no. 15 (225-200 BC); 3 – M74, no. 590 (225-200 BC). Stemmed dishes: 4 – GMII II 1б 113 (ca. 500 BC); 5 – GMII II 1б 576 (ca. 500 BC). Bolster cups: 6 – by S.I. Rotroff (after Rot
• Figure 9: Canteens: 1 – M07, no. 2; 2 – M65, no. 34; 3 –M07, no. 59. Oinochoe: 4 – T98, VI IO (Pushkin State Museum; Tanais Archaeological Museum-Reserve and author’s photograph and drawings).
• Metodi Manov
• The Capital of the Scythian Kingdom in the Dobrudja
• Figure 1: The inscription from the cape Kaliakra (after Draganov 2015, 137).
• Figure 2: The Black Sea area with the locations of Tanais and Odessos.
• Figure 3: Bronze coin of Tanousakas of large denomination (d. 24 mm; CNG, Auction 60, 2002, Lot no. 422).
• Figure 4: Bronze coin of Tanousakas of small denomination (d. 15 mm; private collection).
• Figure 5: Bronze coin of Kanitas of large denomination (d. 23 mm; wildwinds.com).
• Figure 6: Bronze coin of Kanitas of small denomination (d. 16 mm; Münzen & Medaillen Deutschland, Auction 17, 2005, Lot no. 489).
• Figure 7: The Scythian kingdom north of Haemus with its capital Odessos.
• Dan-Tudor Ionescu
• Alexander of Macedon, Pharasmanes of Chorezm, and Zopyrion: the impossible alliance
• Aliénor Rufin Solas
• The partition of Thrace after the death of Alexander the Great: Lysimachus, heir of the Odrysian kingdom?
• Mila Chacheva
• Anthropomorphic Rod-formed pendants and beads from the West Pontic coast (and Thrace)
• Figure 1: Anthropomorphic rod-formed pendants from West Pontic coast and Thrace. Numbers correspond with those in the catalogue: 1-5. Apollonia (1, 5 – photographs: L. Damelet); 6. Devnya, chora of Odessos(?) (after Minchev 2006, no. 134); 7. Callatis; 8
• Figure 2: Distribution of anthropomorphic rod-formed pendants on the West Pontic coast and Thracian interior (map by A. Kamenarov).
• Figure 3: Anthropomorphic rod-formed beads from West Pontic coast and Thrace. Numbers correspond with those in the catalogue: 13-15. Messambria; 16-17. Bizone (photograph: R. Kostadinova); 18. Bizone (after Mirchev et al. 1962, fig. 31); 19. Callatis (aft
• Figure 4: Distribution of anthropomorphic rod-formed beads on the West Pontic coast and Thracian interior (map by A. Kamenarov).
• Oksana Ruchynska
• Euergetism and Benefaction in ancient Olbia
• Maya Vassileva
• Bithynia: the Phrygian interface
• Figure 1: The Germanos/Soğukçam monument I (photograph by author).
• Figure 2: Detail of the Germanos/Soğukçam monument: the inscription (B-01.I) (photograph by author).
• Figure 3: The Germanos/Soğukçam monument II (photograph by author).
• Figure 4: The Germanos/Soğukçam monument II: detail (photograph by author).
• Figure 5: The Vezirhan Stele (B-05) (photograph by author).
• Section 3
• Later Republic and Early Empire in Pontus and the Relationship with the Local Population; Art; Religion; Navigation and Trade⤀
• Lucreţiu Mihailescu-Bîrliba
• Quelques remarques sur la population de Topolog et de Mihai Bravu (nord de la Mésie Inférieure)*
• Figure 1: Localisation d’Ibida en Mésie Inférieure (adaptation de Ș. Caliniuc d’après Dana 2011, 40, fig. 1).
• Figure 2: Localisation de Topolog en Mésie Inférieure (adaptation de Ș. Caliniuc d’après Dana 2011, 40, fig. 1).
• Figure 3: Inscription votive de P. Lae(...) Comicus (photo de l’auteur).
• Figure 4: Localisation de Mihai Bravu en Mésie Inférieure (adaptation de Ș. Caliniuc d’après E. Doruțiu-Boilă, ISM V, carte de la Dobroudja romaine).
• Figure 5: Inscription votive attestant le uicus Bad[---] (crédit photographique A. Ibba).
• Figure 6: Inscription votive attestant un couple de consuls (crédit photographique A. Ibba).
• George Koutsouflakis
• Peter B. Campbell
• Roman and Late Roman Pontic cargoes in the Aegean: the evidence from shipwrecks
• Figure 2: Fournoi islands and location of Shipwrecks 3 and 15 at the main island of Fournoiin Fournoi at Cape Aspros Kavos and 12 at Aghios Menas island.
• Figure 3: The carrot-shaped Sinopean amphorae raised from Shipwreck 3 (a: BE 2015/5-3, b: 5-4, c: 5-5, d: 5-11, e: 5-13).
• Figure 4: A photomosaic of Shipwreck 15 at Cape Aspros Kavos, Fournoi.
• Figure 5: The Zeest 72 type amphora from Shipwreck 15 (BE 2015/5-45).
• Figure 6: The Shelov E/Zeest 104 type amphora from Shipwreck 15 (BE 2015/5-46).
• Figure 7: The Kapitän 2 type amphora from Shipwreck 15 (BE 2015/5-50).
• Figure 8: Amphora of an unclassified type from Shipwreck 15 (BE 2017/10-37).
• Figure 9: A concreted stack of bowls from Shipwreck 15 (BE 2016/4-35).
• Figure 11: The primary type of amphora composing the cargo of Shipwreck 12 (BE 2015/5-42).
• Figure 12: The Shelov E/Zeest 104 type amphora neck from Shipwreck 12 (BE 2015/5-41).
• Figure 13: The Torone III type amphora from Shipwreck 12 (BE 2015/5-37).
• Figure 14: The Shelov D/Zeest 91b type amphorae from Shipwreck 12 (BE 2015/5-39, BE 2015/5-40).
• Gabriel Custurea and Dan Vasilescu
• The circulation of counterfeit coins in Roman Dobrudja (1st-3rd centuries AD)
• Figure 1: The distribution of subaerati and cast imitations in the Roman Dobrudja (1st-3rd century AD).
• Figure 2: The distribution of subaerati and cast imitations by periods.
• Figure 3: The distribution of provincial cast imitations by periods and mints.
• Zdravko Dimitrov
• Anatolian stonemasons and the West Pontic region: imported models and techniques in the architectural decorations of the ea ly Principate
• Figure 1: Corinthian anta capital from the monument of Servilius Fabianus (mid-2nd century AD; photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 2: Doric column capital from Marcianopolis. 2nd century AD (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 3: Ionic column capital from Marcianopolis. First half of the 2nd century AD – ornaments made with a drill (bandage on the cushion [pulvinus)]) (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 4: Ionic column capital from Marcianopolis – ornaments made with a drill (ionic cymation, half-palmette motifs).
• Figure 5: Corinthian pilaster capital from Marcianopolis. First half of the 2nd century AD (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 6: Ionic column capital from Odessos. End of the 1st-beginning of the 2nd century AD (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 10: Architrave block from a tomb complex in Anchialos. First half of the 2nd century AD, most probably period of Hadrian (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 7: Anta capital from an entrance complex in Odessos. Oak leaf decoration. 2nd century AD (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 8: Corinthian wall-facing capital from Odessos, exhibited in the Museum of Archaeology, Varna. Anatolian model of decoration and craftsmanship. First half of the 2nd century AD) (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 9: Corinthian pilaster capital from Odessos, now in the garden of Museum of Archaeology, Varna. First half of the 2nd century AD (photograph: Z. Dimitrov).
• Figure 11: Marble statue of Fortuna and Pontus – the symbols and patrons of Tomis, with perfect data of drill technique using. 2nd century AD (photograph: web-site of Museum in Constanta).
• Denver Graninger
• Rewriting Pontic ethne: problems and prospects
• Dragoș Hălmagi
• Protecting the grave in a Graeco-Roman city: a look at the West Pontic coast
• Alexandru Morintz
• Balbus, A Roman surveyor in Dacia*
• Ioana Mureșan and Lucian-Mircea Mureșan
• Between civil and religious law in funerary practice within Roman settlements on the western shore of the Black Sea
• Anastasius’ coins in the eastern Carpathian region (AD 491-518)
• Sergiu Musteață
• Figure 1: Anastasius’ coins from Dumbarton Oaks Collection (photograph: S. Musteață).
• Figure 2: Coins from Anastasius I discovered in the Carpathian-Danubian regions.
• Figure 3: Hoards of Byzantine coins of the 6th-7th centuries certified in the Carpatho-Danubian regions.
• Andrei Opaiţ
• On some unknown Pontic amphora types from Roman and early Byzantine times
• Figure 1: Tanais (after Arseneva and Naumenko 1992, fig. 26.1).
• Figure 2: Tanais, courtesy of S. Naumenko.
• Figure 3: Gorgippia (after Alexeeva 1997, 89.7 and 112.13).
• Figure 4: Tomis.
• Figure 5: Tomis, amphora detail.
• Figure 7: Argamum, close up fabric.
• Figure 10: Pompeiopolis.
• Figure 11: Pompeiopolis, close up fabric.
• Figure 12: Chersonesus.
• Figure 14: Chersonesus, not to scale.
• Figure 15: Chersonesus, amphora detail, not to scale.
• Figure 8: Chersonesus.
• Figure 17: Chersonesus.
• Figure 18: Pompeiopolis.
• Figure 19: Bezymyannaya.
• Figure 21: Troesmis.
• Figure 22: Troesmis, close up fabric.
• Figure 23: A: Chersonesus, upper part; B: lower part.
• Figure 24: Dinogetia.
• Figure 26: Histria(?).
• Figure 27: Histria(?) details.
• Figure 28: Tomis.
• Figure 29: Tomis, details.
• Alexander Podossinov
• Die Römer in dem ‘linken’ Pontus: der Fall des Ovidius
• Marius Streinu
• Buildings for gladiatorial fights in the Roman Black Sea provinces
• Georgia Aristodemou
• Local cultures narrated in art: Dacian architecture as reflected on Trajan’s Column
• Figure 1: Drobeta-Turnu Severin. Remains of Trajan’s Bridge (photograph by author).
• Figure 2: Scene LXXIX (port city with temples, porticoes and monumental gates). Column cast, Victoria and Albert Museum, London (photograph by author).
• Figure 4: Scene CXVII (Roman soldiers building an agger). Column cast, Victoria and Albert Museum, London (photograph by author).
• Figure 5: Scenes XI-XII (Roman rectangular fort with dwellings). Column cast, Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome, (photograph by author).
• Figure 6: Scene XLIII (Dacian fortress with dwellings). Column cast, Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome (photograph by author).
• Figure 7: Scene LXXXVI (detail with theatre building). Column cast, Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome (photograph by author).
• Figure 8: Scene XCIX (Apollodorus´ Bridge, detail). Column cast, Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome (photograph by author).
• Figure 9: Scene XXV (Dacian Fortress with circular sanctuary and Dacian dwellings in clusters). Column cast, Museo della Civiltà Romana, Rome (photograph by author).
• Figure 10: Sarmizegetusa. Site view (circular sanctuary) (photograph by author).
• Lorenzo Boragno
• The concept of strategic culture and its applicability in the fields of ancient history
• Emine Naza Dönmez
• Amasya in the Early Byzantine period
• Figure 1: Roman-period walls and bridges on the Halys.
• Figure 2: Organisation of Themes between the 7th and 9th centuries.
• Figure 3: Locations of Fethiye and Beyazıt II mosques in the city of Amasya.
• Figure 4: Aynalı Mağara (Mirrored Cave). Exterior.
• Figure 5: Aynalı Mağara (Mirrored Cave). Frescoes.
• Figure 7: Postmarks from the 7th and 11th century from Harşena Fortress.
• Stephen Matthews
• Moving supplies to the Roman garrison in Dobrogea
• Figure 1: 23 km Service Areas.
• Figure 2: 32 km Service Areas.
• Figure 3: 50 km Service Areas.
• Table 1: Comparison of transport methods.
• Table 2: Deficits and transport needs
• Table 3: Yield variations.
• Nikoloz Murgulia
• The fortification system of the kingdom of Lazika (Egrisi)
• The fortification system of the kingdom of Lazika (Egrisi) in the 4th-6th centuries AD
• Figure 1: Map of Georgia in the 5th-6th centuries AD.
• Figure 2: Castles of the fortification system of the Lazik kingdom (Google Earth Image).
• Figure 3: Nokalakevi-Tsikhegoji-Archaeopolis: site plan.
• Alina Streinu
• Vasilica Lungu
• Late Hellenistic and Early Roman pottery at Rachelu. The current state of research on an open settlement close to Noviodunum
• Figure 1: a. Location of site; b. Excavation trenches; c. Handmade pot in situ and after restoration.
• Figure 2: Tableware: red-fabric 1-11; common ware 12-14.
• Figure 3: Tableware: grey deep dishes 15-19; grey bowls 20-27.
• Figure 4: Tableware: vasa potatoria 28-33; coarse ware 34-43; Dacian cup 44.
• Ivo Topalilov
• Some notes on the ‘founder’ cult in western Pontic cities in the Roman period
• Section 4
• New Excavations and Projects
• Şevket Dönmez
• A Punic necklace from Oluz Höyük: a general evaluation for Anatolia
• Figure 1: Oluz Höyük. General view from the north-east.
• Figure 2: Distribution of types C2 and F1 of Phoenician glass beads in the shape of a human head in the Near East and its vicinity.
• Figure 3: Trench A, Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2B (MÖ 425-300). Settlement Plan.
• Figure 4: Trench A, Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2B (MÖ 425-300). Persian Road.
• Figure 5: Trench A, Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2B (MÖ 425-300). Glass pendant in the shape of a human head.
• Figure 7: Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2B (MÖ 425-300). Glass pendant in the shape of a human head.
• Figure 8: Trench A, Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2B (MÖ 425-300). Early Zoroastrian sanctuary.
• Figure 9: Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2B (MÖ 425-300). Glass pendants and beads in the shape of a human head.
• Figure 10: Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2B (MÖ 425-300). Glass pendants and beads in the shape of a human head.
• Fidane Abazoğlu
• The place of amphorae from Oluz Höyük in northern Anatolian and Black Sea archaeology
• Figure 1: Map of North Central Anatolia.
• Figure 2: Map of Amasya-Oluz Höyük.
• Figure 4: Amasya-Oluz Höyük Plan square A. General view.
• Figure 5: Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Stratification table.
• Figure 7: a-b: Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Coin of Amisos.
• Figure 8: a-f. Amphorae, Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2A.
• Figure 9: a-d. Amphorae, Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2A.
• Figure 10: a-b. Amphorae, Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2A.
• Figure 12: a-d. Amphorae, Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2A.
• Figure 13: a-e. Amphorae, Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2A.
• Figure 14: a-d. Amphorae, Amasya-Oluz Höyük. Architectural Layer 2A.
• Sümer Atasoy
• Amisos terracotta statuettes in Istanbul Archaeological Museums
• Figure 1: Masks of Dionysos Tauros.
• Figure 2: Mask of Dionysos Botrys.
• Figure 3: Busts of Isıs and a woman.
• Figure 4: Theatre masks.
• Figure 5: Theatre masks.
• Figure 7: Statuette of a woman.
• Bülemt Öztürk
• The coins found at the excavations of Amasya/Oluz Höyük, 2009-2013
• Figure 1: a-b. Athena and Nike; stater of Alexander the Great, Tarsus or Amphipolis?
• Figure 2: a-b. Heracles and Zeus; silver coin of Philip III Arrhidaeus, Sardis.
• Figure 3: a-b. Macedonian shield and helmet; bronze coin of the Macedonian Kingdom, Sardis.
• Figure 4: a-b. Rome and Goddess (Juno?); denarius of Caius Curiatius filius Trigeminus, Rome.
• Figure 5: a-b. Kore Soteira and tripod; bronze coin of Cyzicus.
• Figure 6: a-b. Athena and eagle; bronze coin of Apamea.
• Figure 7: a-b. Mithradates VI as Ares and sword in the scabbard; bronze coin of Mithradates VI, Amisos.
• Figure 8: a-b. Mithradates VI as Dionysus and cista mystica; bronze coin of Mithradates VI, Amisos.
• Figure 9: a-b. Zeus and eagle; bronze coin of Mithradates VI, Amisos.
• Figure 10: a-b. Aegis and Nike; the bronze coin of Mithradates VI, Sinope.
• Zeynep Koçel Erdem
• The terracotta production of the Black Sea coast of Turkey: the example of Sinope
• Figure 1: Balatlar Church complex at Sinop.
• Figure 2: Male protome.
• Figure 3: Dionysos protome.
• Figure 4: Mask.
• Figure 5: Child’s head/Eros.
• Figure 7: Torso, Aphrodite.
• Figure 10: Architectural terracotta.
• Figure 8: Bird figurine.
• Davut Yiğitpaşa
• The castle of Gölköy (Habsamana)/Ordu
• Figure 1: Location of the Gölköy.
• Figure 2: General plan of the castle.
• Figure 3: General view of the castle from the east.
• Figure 4: The tower by the castle gate.
• Figure 5: View of the castle from the south and the castle gate.
• Figure 7: Bastions I and II.
• Figure 8: The sewer pipe.
• Figure 9: Mediaeval and glazed ceramics.
• Figure 10: Mediaeval ceramics.
• Akın Temür
• Bemerkungen zu einer Gruppe von Grabstelen aus dem Museum von Sinop
• Abb. 1: a-b. Grabstele Kat. Nr. 1, Inv. Nr. 4.1.99, Sinop Museum (Foto: A. Temür).
• Abb. 2: a-b. Grabstele Kat. Nr. 2, Inv. Nr. 5.1.77, Sinop Museum (Foto: A. Temür).
• Abb. 3: Grabstele Kat. Nr. 3, Inv. Nr. 15.7.76, Sinop Museum (Foto: A. Temür).
• Abb. 5: Grabstele Kat. Nr. 5, Inv. Nr. 19.7.75, Sinop Museum. Detail (Foto: A. Temür).
• Marcin Matera
• New data about the western part of Tanais – the fortifications and their vicinity
• Figure 1: General plan of Trench XXV (drawing: A. Pastewka, U. Adamowska, M. Wolski, S. Naumenko and A. Miernik).
• Figure 2: Western slope of the defensive ditch reinforced with a retaining wall (photograph: M. Matera).
• Figure 3: Complex of pits on the western slope of defensive ditch (drawing: A. Miernik).
• Figure 4: Clay pit on the eastern slope of defensive ditch. View from the west (photograph: M. Matera).
• Figure 6: Retaining wall (proteichisma?) on the eastern slope of defensive ditch – western face (photograph M. Matera).
• Figure 7: Late Hellenistic architectural complex with the phase of reconstruction in 1st century AD (drawing: S. Naumenko and A. Miernik).
• Figure 8: Vnukov C I amphora found on the floor of Room C2 (drawing: P. Lech and A. Miernik).
• Figure 9: Rim of Vnukov Sin V amphora type (drawing: P. Lech).
• Figure 10: Fragment of Colchian amphora from the fill of the pit 1/2016 (photograph: M. Matera).
• Angelina Zedgenidze
• Strabo’s ‘old Chersonesus’ in historiography and in the light of current research
• Figure 1: Great Chersonesus, Crimean Peninsula. Smaller Chersonesus, Heraclean Peninsula.
• Figure 2: Heraclean Peninsula.
• Figure 3: Lighthouse Peninsula (aerial photograph, 2000). Stronghold on the isthmus: 1. Western wall; 2. Eastern wall, 3. Excavation site.
• Figure 4: Western fortification wall. Internal façade. Empty space. View from the East.
• Figure 5: Western fortress wall. Exterior façade. View from the west.
• Figure 6: 1. Strabo’s ‘Old Chersonesus’. Excavations of 1985-90. General plan. 2. Reconstructed plan of complex of buildings of the late 5th-4th centuries BC. I. Northern block; II. Southern block. 1. Farmsteads; 2. Empty spaces; 3. Road of the 19th cen
• Figure 7: Lighthouse Peninsula. Fragments of plans. 1. Strulov’s map (1786), published for the first time; 2. Map drawn by Pepelev and signed by Hablitz (1786); 3. Map of 1786 published by the Metropolitan Evgenii (Bolkhovitinov) in 1822 and 1828; 4. D
• Figure 8: Southern part of the Lighthouse Peninsula. Aerial photograph, 1943.
• Figure 9: Plan of the Stronghold on the isthmus of the Lighthouse Peninsula. a — fortification walls (Eastern and Western); б — transverse wall; в — land-division walls; г — roads; д — : Acropolis, : central part, : harbour area; е, ж — excavated compl
• David Lomitashvili, Nikoloz Murgulia and Besik Lordkipanidze
• From Archaeopolis to Onoguris: excavations in the heart of Lazika
• Ian Colvin
• Paul Everill
• From Archaeopolis to Onoguris: excavations in the heart of Lazika
• Figure 1: The site of Archaeopolis, and probable site of Onoguris: Nokalakevi and Khuntsi respectively.
• Figure 2: Plan of Nokalakevi derived from the 2009 survey.
• Figure 3: A restored example of one of the zoomorphic figurines found n Nokalakevi.
• Figure 4: Drone photographs of Nokalakevi (© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia).
• Figure 5: Sketch of the Forty Martyrs’ Church, by Dubois de Montpéreux. Reproduced in Serena 2015.
• Figure 6: The hoard of Byzantine coins discovered by Schneider’s expedition.
• Figure 7: Drone photograph of Khuntsi (© National Agency for Cultural Heritage Preservation of Georgia).
• Figure 8: The elaborate amphora stamp, when first discovered in 2015.
• Figure 10: Location of trenches at Khuntsi.
• Figure 11: A section of substantial fortification on the northern edge of the crown of the hill.
• A city reconfigured: old and new research concerning Late Roman urbanism in Istros
• Alexandra Lițu
• Alexandra Țârlea
• Irina Achim
• Laurențiu Cliante
• Mircea Angelescu
• Valentin Bottez
• A city reconfigured: old and new research concerning Late Roman urbanism in Istros
• Figure 1: Plan of the Basilica with Crypt Sector.
• Figure 2: Aerial view of the Basilica with Crypt Sector (beginning of the 1950s).
• Figure 3: Sewer C1 (Basilica with Crypt Sector).
• Figure 4: Well in Chamber 1 (Basilica with Crypt Sector).
• Figure 5: Plan of the Episcopal Basilica and Basilica C.
• Figure 6: Plan of the Basilica Pârvan Sector.
• Figure 7: Archive photograph (east-west view) of the Basilica Pârvan Sector.
• Figure 8: Southern part of Basilica 2’s apse built on the Late Roman defensive wall (Basilica Pârvan Sector).
• Figure 9: The Acropolis Centre-South Sector.
• Figure 10: Plan of the Late Roman citadel of Istros.
• Valentin Bottez
• Gabriel Talmațchi
• New masters – new rules. The beginning of the Roman Imperial cult in Istros
• Figure 1: Honorary decree with architectural elements that could depict the Istrian temple of Augustus (after Mărgineanu-Cârstoiu 2014).
• Figure 2: Apollo/Augustus bronze coins minted in Istros (nos. 1-2 after Talmaţchi and Bujduveanu 2009, 197-98, fig. 1.1-2; no. 3 after Talmațchi 2017, 390, fig. 2.56; no. 4: graphical representation after a photograph according to Münzen & Medaillen Deu s
• Margarit Damyanov, Maria Reho and Krastina Panayotova
• Cold case reopened: a Late Classical tomb in Apollonia Pontica
• Figure 1: Map of Sozopol (ancient Apollonia) and its surroundings with the main parts of the necropolis and the location of the tomb.
• Figure 3: Reconstruction of the tomb with the construction marks, based on the notes of G. Boyadzhiev.
• Figure 4: The situation in the tomb at the moment of its discovery; the bronze hydria and the red-figure krater as found in the tomb (archive photographs by G. Boyadzhiev).
• Figure 5: The bronze hydria from the tomb (drawing by Yana Mutafchieva).
• Figure 7. The red-figure kraters discovered around the tomb (photographs by Slava Vasileva).
• Figure 8: The red-figure krater (individual cremation burial?) next to the eastern end of the tomb (archive photograph by G. Boyadzhiev; photographs of the vase by Slava Vasileva).
• Gabriel Talmațchi
• Considerations regarding the domus-type Roman urban house from Scythia Minor (4th-6th centuries AD)
• Figure 1: Aerial view of the city Tropaeum Traiani Sector CI; 2. The southern gate and part of the south-west enclosure of the city Tropaeum Traiani.
• Figure 2: The general plan of the city Tropaeum Traiani locating Sectors CI and CII; 2. Aerial view of Sectors CI and CII.
• Figure 3: View of the atrium from the west (1), north-west (2), north-east (3) and south-west (4).
• Figure 4: Paving slabs, column bases and a capitals discovered in the atrium.
• Figure 5: Vestibulum from Domus-type building with details of the pavement (1-6).
• Figure 6: Plans of some Domus-type buildings from Scythia Minor – 1. Dinogetia (after I. Barnea 1969, 247, fig. 2); 2. Histria, house ‘with columns’ from Sector T (after Sâmpetru 1994, 141, fig. 5); 3. Histria, building with basilica (after Sâmpetru 1994,
• Andrey Agafonov and Olga Samar
• Concerning Athenian black-figure vases from Panticapaeum
• Figure 1: 1. Fragment of an amphora with a depiction of a lion’s head and rosettes; the Gorgon Painter; 600-580 BC; excavations at Panticapaeum, 2014; East Crimean Historical and Cultural Museum Preserve, Kerch; 2. Fragment of an amphora with a depiction
• Figure 2: 6. Fragment of a krater with a depiction of hoplites flanked by great sphinxes and with a band of animals underneath; Painter of London B 76; ca. 560 BC; excavations at Panticapaeum, 2017; East Crimean Historical and Cultural Museum Preserve, Ke
• Figure 3: 12. Fragments from lid of lekane with a depiction of Herakles fighting the Nemean Lion; Group E; ca. 540 BC; excavations at Panticapaeum, 1984; Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow; 13. Fragments of amphora with a depiction of a chariot pro
• Figure 4: 18. Fragment from the edge of a volute krater with a depiction of a symposion; last quarter of 6th century BC; excavations at Panticapaeum, 1969; Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow; 19. Fragment of calyx-krater with a depiction of a warri
• Figure 5: 25. Fragment of Panathenaic amphora, a foot of Athena and a part of an inscription: [᾽Αθένεθεν ἄθ]λον; Leagros Group, circle of the Acheloos Painter; last quarter of 6th century BC; excavations at Panticapaeum, 1985; Pushkin State Museum of Fine
• Figure 6: 35. Fragment of band cup bearing an inscription: ὁ δεῖνα] ἐποίεσ[εν; third quarter of 6th century BC; excavations at Panticapaeum, 2017; East Crimean Historical and Cultural Museum Preserve, Kerch; 36. Fragment of band cup with a depiction of a
• Natalia Astashova
• Specific features of ceramic materials from the earliest level of Panticapaeum
• Figure 1: 1. Layout of earliest structures, New Upper Mithradates Square trench, Panticapaeum; 2. Plan of excavations, New Upper Mithradates Square; 3. Destruction level, middle of the 6th century; 4. Scythian-type arrowheads.
• Figure 2: Pottery fragments. 1. East Greek pottery; 2. So-called bird bowls; 3. Eye bowls; 4. Painted plates; 5. Trefoil oinochoai; 6. Jug with goats; 7. Bowl with sphinxes; 8. Bowl with floral decoration.
• Figure 3: Pottery fragments. 1-2. Chian trade amphorae; 3. Chian kylikes of the Grand Style; 4. Aeolian transport amphorae; 5. Aeolian dinoi.
• Figure 4: Pottery fragments. 1-2. Attic black-figure amphorae; 3. Corinthian miniature kotylai; 4-5. Handmade black-burnished vessels; 6. Ornamented pots with out-curved rim.
• Figure 5: 1. Fragments of bichrome dinos/lebes. 2-3. Reconstructions of 5.1; 4-5. Bichrome dinos.
• Figure 6: 1-3. Dinos/krater.
• Alexandra Bivolaru, Matthieu Giaime, Christophe Morhange and Valérie Andrieu-Ponel
• Alfred Vespremeanu-Stroe
• Nick Marriner
• Veronica Rossi
• Coastal Geoarchaeology of the Danube delta. Results from Halmyris, Enisala and Istros
• Figure 1: Geomorphological map of the Danube Delta with the studied archaeological sites. The pointed line marks the Danube Delta lobes (including bayhead, lacustrine and open-coast lobes) at their maximum extension: SG1 – Old St. George; S – Sulina; D1
• Figure 2: Evolutionary stages of the Danube Delta (after Vespremeanu-Stroe et al. 2017a).
• Figure 3: a) Position of Halmyris Fortress on the Dunavăț promontory and the position of the cores; b) The stratigraphy of the cores with the secondary channel unit emphasised (after Giaime 2016).
• Figure 4: Trace of the palaeo-meander as seen from Google Earth. In this secondary channel of the St George arm, the harbour structures could have been installed.
• Figure 5: The main Eneolitic sites in Enisala area and the position of the cores (modified after Mihail et al. 2012).
• Figure 6: Palaeo-environmental evolution at Enisala based on ostracod fauna and depositional facies (core EN I).
• Figure 7: a) Geomorphological map of Istros region (modified after Hanganu 2012, 24) with the position of cores HIS II and HIS IV; b) The position of the cores on the archaeological site.
• Figure 8: Proposition of reconstruction of the harbour basins at Istros, based on the stratigraphic observations made during the fieldwork. This hypothesis will be tested by our further bio-sedimentological and geochemical analyses (UAV photography: A.
• Figure 9: a) Sărătură spot with the position of the cores; the ridge is punctuated in yellow. b) Geophysical investigations (electromagnetism) on the ridge and Western Plateau (© A. Asăndulesei).
• Figure 10: Archaeological excavations on the ridge. We can easily remark the same north-west to south-east orientation of the three structures.
• Table 1: Radiocarbon determinations and calibrations.
• Dimitar Nedev
• Margarita Popova
• Milena Krumova
• Teodora Bogdanova
• A Hellenistic family tomb and two Early Roman graves from Apollonia Pontica
• Figure 1: Location of the tomb (map: eng. A. Kamenarov).
• Figure 2: Cross-sections of the tomb.
• Figure 3: Tomb.
• Figure 4: Plan of the tomb.
• Figure 5: Grave 4, end of the 4th-beginning of the 3rd century BC.
• Figure 6: Graves 6 and 7, beginning-first quarter of the 3rd century BC.
• Figure 7: Graves 3 and 5, 3rd century BC.
• Figure 8: Grave 2, second quarter-middle of the 1st century AD.
• Figure 9: Grave 1, ca. middle of the 1st century AD.
• Figure 10: Ritual fireplace 6, and other materials from the site.
• Ayşe F. Erol and Deniz Tamer
• Recent finds of Hellenistic mould-made relief bowls from the Ordu/Fatsa Cingirt Kayasi excavations in the southern Black Sea region
• Recent finds of Hellenistic mould-made relief bowls from the Ordu/Fatsa Cingirt Kayasi excavations
• Figure 1: Location of Cıngırt Kayası.
• Figure 2: Plan of the peak of Cıngırt Kayası.
• Figure 3: Mould-made relief fragment examples from Cıngırt Kayası.
• Figure 4: Mould-made relief fragment examples from Cıngırt Kayası.
• Figure 5: Mould-made relief fragment examples from Cıngırt Kayası.
• Iulia Iliescu and Valentin Bottez
• Late Roman tableware imports (from recent research in Histria/Istros)
• Figure 1: Decorated vessels: Late Roman C ware (drawings by Iulia Iliescu).
• Figure 2: Decorated vessels: 8-12. African red slip ware; 13. Pontic red slip ware (drawings by Iulia Iliescu).
• Amiran Kakhidze and Emzar Kakhidze
• Pichvnari Classical cemetery
• Figure 1: Map of Georgia (drawing: Merab Uzunadze).
• Figure 2: Plan of Pichvnari cemetery (drawing: Anzor Javelidze).
• Figure 4: Burial 95, 5th-century BC Greek necropolis (photograph and drawing: Sandro Lasuridze).
• Figure 5: Ritual platform. Burial 6, 5th century BC Greek necropolis (photograph: Anzor Javelidze).
• Figure 6: 5th-century BC calyx-krater, Burial 1, Greek necropolis (photograph: Giorgi Dumbadze).
• Figure 8: Gold earrings. Burial 305, 5th-century BC Colchian cemetery (photograph: Gubaz Varshalomidze).
• Figure 9: St Valentin Class kantharos. Burial 300, 5th-century BC Colchian cemetery (photograph: Vova Astakhov).
• Figure 10: Hellenised form of oinochoe. Burial 50, 5th-century BC Colchian cemetery (photograph and drawing: Anzor Javelidze).
• Vladimir Kolosov
• Ash Hill 2 of Myrmekion: analysis of structure and bulk finds
• Figure 1: Plan of Myrmekion settlement (after Butyagin and Vinogradov 2006, fig. 1).
• Figure 2: Plan of Area И of Myrmekion settlement (after Gaidukevich 1987, fig. 2).
• Figure 3: Stratigraphy of Ash Hill 2. Excavations of 2008-2011.
• Coin finds from the recent excavations of Hermonassa
• Coin finds from the recent excavations of Hermonassa
• Sergei A. Kovalenko
• Figure 1: Map of the Black Sea region (after W.N. Stancomb, Sylloge Nummorum Graecorum. England XI: The William Stancomb Collection of Coins of the Black Sea Region [Oxford 2000]).
• Figure 2: View of Hermonassa site.
• Figure 3: View of Hermonassa site.
• Figure 4: Coins from the recent excavations of Hermonassa.
• Vassil Markov
• Archaeological evidence of Thracian-Greek cultural contacts in the south-eastern part of the Dobrudja plateau during the Hellenistic period
• Figure 1: Handmade Thracian urn. Fragment, end of 4th-beginning of 3rd century BC (photograph by author).
• Figure 2: Handmade Thracian pottery with relief decoration. Fragment, end of 4th-beginning of 3rd century BC (photograph by author).
• Figure 3: Grey Thracian ceramics covered with black glaze. Fragment (photograph by author).
• Figure 4: Kantharos covered with black glaze. Fragment, end of 4th-beginning of 3rd century BC (photograph by author).
• Figure 5a-b: Fragments of a bowls covered with black glaze. Fragment, end of 4th century BC (photographs by author).
• Figure 6: Ichthys in the table, covered with black glaze. Fragment (photograph by author).
• Figure 7: Ceramic lamp covered with black glaze. Fragment (photograph by author).
• Daniela Stoyanova
• Krastina Panayotova
• Margarit Damyanov
• Late Archaic relief plaques with warriors from Apollonia Pontica
• Figure 1: Aerial view from the west of the island of St Kirik and the peninsula of the Old Town of modern Sozopol (ancient Apollonia Pontica).
• Figure 2: Schematic plan of the investigated area on the island of St Kirik with the find-spots of the terracotta plaques with warriors.
• Figure 3: Plaques 1, 3-4 and 13 and reconstruction of the scene (2: after Mathieux 2015, 84).
• Figure 4: Plaques 7 and 8 and reconstructions of scenes.
• Figure 5: Plaques 6 and 9-12.
• Figure 6: Reconstruction of the scenes based on plaques 6 and 9-12.
• Figure 7: Attic black-figure pottery from the layer where plaque 11 was found.
• Figure 8: Black-glazed pottery from the layer where plaque 11 was found.
• Preslav I. Peev
• Stone anchors and stone and lead stocks from the Archaeological Museum in Varna
• Figure 1: Types of anchor stocks (after Haldane 1986, 555, fig. 1).
• Figure 2: Stone weight (anchor?).
• Figure 3: Stone anchor with three holes.
• Figure 4: Stone anchor with cross mark from Kastritsi.
• Table 1: List of anchors and lead stocks from Archaeological Museum, Varna, Bulgaria.
• Attic red-figure pottery from Sinope
• Attic red-figure pottery from Sinope*
• Suhal Sağlan and Zafer Korkmaz
• Figure 1: Pelike 1.
• Figure 2: Lebes 2.
• Figure 5: Lebes 5.
• Figure 6: Lebes 6.
• Figure 7: Squate lekythois: (a) 7; (b) 8; (c) 9; (d) 10.
• Figure 8: Squat lekythos 11.
• Figure 9: Squat lekythos 12.
• Figure 11: Squat lekythos 14.
• Figure 13: Krater fragment 16.
• Füsun Tülek
• Pontıc sıgıllata pottery of a vılla rustıca ın Paphlagonıa
• Figure 1: Plan of the Late Roman villa rustica and its floor mosaics.
• Figure 3: CC KK C8- 106.
• Figure 4: CC KK 09- D6- 19.
• Figure 6: CC KK 09- D6- 75.
• Figure 7: CC KK 09- E8- 49 and 30.
• Figure 10: CC KK 09- C6- 86 and E8 36.
• Figure 9: CC KK 09- E8- 31 and 116.
• Section 5
• Varia
• Eka Avaliani
• What’s in a name? Who might be Basilissa Ulpia from Mtskheta?
• Figure 1: Map of Mtskheta and immediate environs.
• Figure 2: Jet unguentarium and ornaments from the royal cemetery, Mtskheta, Svetiskhoveli yard. Portrait gem of finger-ring bears Greek inscription: Queen Ulpia of Naxos.
• Figure 4: A gold signet-ring with a reddish carnelian gem-intaglio.
• Albanians and Sarmatians: overlapping identities in the eastern Caucasus
• Lara Fabian
• Lyubov Gratsianskaya
• Studia Straboniana. The didactic character of the Geography and the Romanophilia of its author
• Ancient pottery from the Balkans: architectural motifs
• Sasha Lozanova
• Stela Tasheva
• Ancient pottery from the Balkans: architectural motifs
• Figure 1: Left: Terracotta krater, Attica, 750-735 BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1914, acc. No. 14.130.14: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/248904). Right: Trifoil-mouth oinochoe, Rhodes. ca. 670 BC (© National Archaeological
• Figure 2: The François Vase, Attica, 570-560 BC, Wikimedia Commons (photograph by Sialko).
• Figure 3: Kylix, Laconia, 550-540 BC (Louvre, © 1993 RMN / Hervé Lewandowski: https://www.louvre.fr/en/mediaimages/coupe-figures-noires-0).
• Figure 4: Left: Panathenaic prize amphora, Attica, terracotta, ca. 525-500 BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art, Rogers Fund, 1916, acc. no.: 16.71: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/249067). Right: Hydria (water jar), Attica, terracotta, 510-500
• Figure 6: Left: Woman at the laver, with a water bucket, a skyphos and a wineskin; kalos inscription. Tondo from an Attic red-figure kylix, 500 BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art, Gift of Norbert Schimmel, 1986, acc. no. 1986.322.1: https://www.metmuseum.org/
• Figure 7: Terracotta calyx-krater (bowl for mixing wine and water), attributed to the Nekyia Painter, Attic, ca. 450-440 BC (Metropolitan Museum of Art: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/248093).
• Figure 9: Left: A pelike, depicting a guitar player, surrounded by goddesses of victory, Chervenkovi mogili, tBrezovo, Plovdiv region, 440-430 BC (Plovdiv Archaeological Museum: http://www.archaeologicalmuseumplovdiv.org/_m1712/Ancient-Greek-Art; Right: T
• Figure 10: Hydria, Bashova mogila, village of Duvanli, Kaloyanovo district, ca. 420 BC (Plovdiv Archaeological Museum: http://www.archaeologicalmuseumplovdiv.org/_m1712/Ancient-Greek-Art).
• Miroslav Ivanov Vasilev
• The inhospitable and dangerous Salmydessus
• Figure 1: Salmydessus.
• Figure 2: An Application from Letnitsa Treasure.
• Viktorya Vasilyan
• Iconographic personifications in Armenia and Bithynia-Phrygia
• Figure 1: Relief of Achilles and Penthesilea from the Sebasteion at Aphrodisias, marble (photograph by author).
• Figure 2: Nameplate and reconstruction of ‘Nero and Armenia’ sculpture’s group in the Sebasteion museum (photograph: Aphrodisias Museum).
• Figure 3: ‘Nero and Armenia’, Sebasteion at Aphrodisias, AD 65, marble (photograph by author).
• Figure 4: Stone relief depicting Antiochus I Theos of Commagene shaking hands with Vahagn, an Armenian deity, from which other deities like Heracles originate, 70-38 BC, Hierothesion, Nemrut Dagh (photograph by author).
• Figure 5: ‘Armenia’, Naples, Archaeological Museum, AD 145, marble (photograph by author).
• Figure 6: ‘Phrygia-Bithynia’, Naples, Archaeological Museum, AD 145, marble (photograph by author).
• Figure 10: Roman bronze coin (sestercius), Trajan in military costume, stands behind reclining river gods, Euphrates and Tigris. Between, Armenia, wearing pointed cap, sits to left. ‘ARMENIA ET MESPOTAMIA INPOTESTATEMPRREDACTAE’, in field: ‘SC’, inv. 1982
• Figure 7: Medallion ‘Armenia’, France, Rouen, 1st-2nd centuries AD (after Wuilleumier and Audin 1952, fig. 158).
• Figure 8: Roman coin (denarius), Lucius Verus, ‘Lucius Verus August Armenian’, ‘Armenia Capta’, AD 161-169 (photograph: History Museum of Armenia).
• Figure 9: Roman coin (denarius), ‘Armenia Capta’, Mark Antony, ‘Mark Antony August Armenian’, AD 164-165 (photograph: History Museum of Armenia).
• Figure 11: The mosaic ‘Amazon’, the House of Orpheus, 3rd-2nd centuries BC, Paphos, Archaeological Park (after W.A. Daszewski and D. Michaelidis. Guide to the Paphos Mosaics [Nicosia 1998], 48-49, 51).
• Figure 12: Relief of actress in Phrygian costume, with a mask, from the sculpted decoration of the Great Theatre at Aphrodisias, 2nd century AD (photograph: Aphrodisias Museum).
• Figure 13: Marble votive relief depected Artemis Bendis, inv. 2155, made in Athens, ca. 400-375 BC, Piraeus, from the area of a sanctuary of Bendis on the Mounichia Hill, the British Museum (photograph: the British Museum).
• Figure 14: Roman medallion, Lucius Verus, Imperator and ‘Armenia’, 2nd century AD, copper (photograph by author).
• Figure 15: The Biesheim cameo, Lucius Verus and Armenia, 2nd century AD, gold, agate (after Chauvot 2008, 157) and detail (after Lajos 2013, fig. 2).
• Figure 16: Arretine cup fragments by L. Avillius Sura. a. Munich, ‘Artaxiad Queen’, terracota, 1st century AD (after Herrmann 1995, fig. 31.1d.); b-d. Tübingen 2575. Augustan. Scheme: nude imperator approached by Armenia represented as ‘Artaxiad Queen’, g
• Figure 17: ‘Artaxiad Queen Erato’, intaglio, inv. 58.1384, AD 6-12, Cabinet of the Medals, of Bibliothèque nationale de France (photograh: Bibliothèque nationale de France).
• Figure 18: ‘Artaxiad King Tigran the Great’, intaglio, inv. 01.7595, oval gem, jasper, 95-55 BC, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (photograph: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston).
• Figure 19: Coin of Antiochus I Theos of Commagene (70-38 BC), coin of Artaxiad King Tigran II the Great (95-55 BC) (photograph: History Museum of Armenia).
• Programme
• Abstracts of papers
• List of contributors/lead authors and contact details (published papers)
• Appendix I: Programme
• Apendix II: Abstracts of papers
• List of contributors/lead authors and contact details