Liberty Is Sweet
The Hidden History of the American Revolution
Woody Holton
- 800 Seiten
- English
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Liberty Is Sweet
The Hidden History of the American Revolution
Woody Holton
Über dieses Buch
A "deeply researched and bracing retelling" (Annette Gordon-Reed, Pulitzer Prize–winning historian) of the American Revolution, showing how the Founders were influenced by overlooked Americans—women, Native Americans, African Americans, and religious dissenters. Using more than a thousand eyewitness records, Liberty Is Sweet is a "spirited account" (Gordon S. Wood, Pulitzer Prize–winning author of The Radicalism of the American Revolution ) that explores countless connections between the Patriots of 1776 and other Americans whose passion for freedom often brought them into conflict with the Founding Fathers. "It is all one story, " prizewinning historian Woody Holton writes.Holton describes the origins and crucial battles of the Revolution from Lexington and Concord to the British surrender at Yorktown, always focusing on marginalized Americans—enslaved Africans and African Americans, Native Americans, women, and dissenters—and on overlooked factors such as weather, North America's unique geography, chance, misperception, attempts to manipulate public opinion, and (most of all) disease. Thousands of enslaved Americans exploited the chaos of war to obtain their own freedom, while others were given away as enlistment bounties to whites. Women provided material support for the troops, sewing clothes for soldiers and in some cases taking part in the fighting. Both sides courted native people and mimicked their tactics. Liberty Is Sweet is a "must-read book for understanding the founding of our nation" (Walter Isaacson, author of Benjamin Franklin ), from its origins on the frontiers and in the Atlantic ports to the creation of the Constitution. Offering surprises at every turn—for example, Holton makes a convincing case that Britain never had a chance of winning the war—this majestic history revivifies a story we thought we already knew.
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Information
PART ONE THE KING’S GRIEVANCES
CHAPTER 1 Awing and Protecting the Indians 1763
TOTAL | AFRICAN AMERICAN1 | NATIVE AMERICAN | WHITE | DATE | SOURCES CONSULTED | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New England Colonies | ||||||
Connecticut | 199,200 | 6,400 | 1,400 | 191,400 | 1774 | CT, CB, PH |
Massachusetts2 | 290,900 | 5,000 | 2,000 | 283,900 | 1776 | HS, CJ, RW |
New Hampshire | 81,400 | 7003 | 80,700 | 1775 | HS | |
Rhode Island | 59,700 | 3,700 | 1,500 | 54,500 | 1774 | RI, CJ, RW |
Middle Colonies | ||||||
Delaware | 35,500 | 1770 | CJ | |||
New Jersey | 130,000 | 9,700 | 119,000 | 1775 | HS, CJ, RW | |
New York | 163,400 | 19,900 | 143,500 | 1771 | HS, RW, CJ | |
Pennsylvania4 | 302,000 | 7,200 | 294,800 | 1775 | CB, Bo, GN | |
Southern Colonies | ||||||
East Florida | 5,500 | 2,500 | 3,000 | 1774 | Sm, PW, CJ | |
West Florida | 5,000 | 1,200 | 3,800 | c. 1775 | Sm, PW, CJ | |
Georgia5 | 33,000 | 15,000 | 18,000 | 1775 | PW, CB | |
Maryland | 223,000 | 90,000 | 133,000 | 1775 | CB, RW | |
New Orleans6 | 3,500 | 1779 | PL, KH | |||
North Carolina | 209,600 | 52,300 | 500 | 156,800 | 1775 | PW |
South Carolina | 179,400 | 107,300 | 500 | 71,600 | 1775 | PW, CB |
Virginia | 466,100 | 186,400 | 200 | 279,500 | 1775 | PW |
Canada | ||||||
Newfoundland | 12,400 | 1775 | RW | |||
Nova Scotia | 11,000 | 1775 | RW, WBK | |||
Quebec | 76,500 | 1,500 | 75,000 | c. 1762 | HT, RW | |
Caribbean and Bermuda | ||||||
Antigua (Br.) | 40,400 | 37,800 | 2,600 | 1774 | Ba, Sh, CL | |
Bahamas (Br.)7 | 4,300 | 2,300 | 2,000 | 1773 | RW | |
Barbados (Br.) | 87,600 | 69,100 | 18,500 | 1773 | CG | |
Bermuda (Br.)8 | 11,100 | 5,000 | 6,100 | 1774 | RW | |
Cuba (Sp.) | 171,600 | 75,200 | 96,400 | 1774 | CG | |
Dominica (Br.) | 22,600 | 18,800 | 3,800 | 1774 | RW | |
Grenada (Br.) | 36,400 | 35,100 | 1,300 | 1777 | EW, TM | |
Guadeloupe (Fr.) | 114,000 | 1767 | CL | |||
Jamaica (Br.) | 216,000 | 197,300 | 18,700 | 1775 | CG, RW | |
Martinique (Fr.) | 85,800 | 74,200 | 11,600 | 1776 | CG | |
Montserrat (Br.)9 | 10,600 | 9,500 | 1,100 | c. 1780 | CL, RW | |
Nevis (Br.) | 9,500 | 8,400 | 1,100 | 1756 | RW | |
Puerto Rico (Sp.) | 71,300 | 42,000 | 29,300 | 1775 | CG, CB, RL | |
Saint-Domingue (Fr.) | 330,500 | 310,300 | 20,200 | 1784 | CG | |
St. Christopher (Br.) | 25,400 | 23,500 | 1,900 | 1774 | VH, RW | |
St. Eustatius (Du.) | 3,200 | 1,600 | 1,600 | 1779 | VE | |
St. Vincent (Br.) | 9,200 | 7,300 | 1,900 | 1764 | RW, JS | |
Tobago (Br.) | 9,000 | 8,600 | 400 | 1775 | RW | |
Virgin Islands (Br.) | 7,300 | 6,100 | 1,200 | 1756 | RW | |
First Nations (Native American) | ||||||
Abenaki10 | 3,000 | 3,000 | 1750 | DG | ||
Cherokee | 10,700 | 200 | 8,500 | 2,000 | 1775 | PW, JM |
Chickasaw, Choctaw | 16,400 | 16,300 | 100 | 1775 | PW, JM | |
Delaware, Munsee | 3,500 | 3,500 | 1768 | HT, JM | ||
Fox (Mesquakie) | 1,500 | 1,500 | 1768 | HT, JK | ||
Illinois | 2,200 | 2,200 | 1768 | HT, JM | ||
Iroquois (6 Nations) | 6,000 | 1778 | JM | |||
Kickapoo, Mascouten | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1768 | HT, JM | ||
Mi'kmaq | 3,000 | 3,000 | c. 1775 | PB | ||
Muskogee (Creek) | 14,000 | 14,000 | 1775 | PW, JM | ||
Ojibwa (Ojibwe), Mississauga | 15,000 | 10,200 | 1768 | HT | ||
Ottawa (Odawa) | 5,000 | 5,000 | 1768 | HT, JM | ||
Piankeshaw, Miami, Wea | 4,000 | 4,000 | 1768 | HT, JM | ||
Potawatomi | 3,000 | 3,000 | 1768 | HT, JM | ||
Sauk | 2,000 | 2,000 | 1769 | HT, JK | ||
Shawnee | 1,800 | 1,800 | 1768 | HT, JM | ||
Wyandot (Huron) | 1,000 | 1,000 | 1768 | HT, JM |
- Ba - Ballester
- Bo - Bouton
- CB - US Census Bureau
- CG - Cohen and Greene
- CJ - Coulson and Joyce
- CL - Carey and Lea
- CT - Connecticut Census
- DG - Ghere
- EW - Williams
- GN - Nash
- HS - Historical Statistics
- HT - Tanner
- JK - Kay
- JM - Muller
- JS - Spinelli
- PB - Block
- PL -Lachane
- PH - Hinks
- PW - Wood
- RI - Rhode Island Census
- RL - Logan
- RW - Wells
- Sh - Sheridan
- Sm - Smith
- TM - Murphy
- VE - Enthoven
- VH - Hubbard
- WBK - Kerr
- WC - Calderhead
- 1. Numerous mixed-race individuals lived in both native and colonial societies, but sources rarely estimate their numbers.
- 2. African American, Native American, and white populations of Massachusetts, New Jersey, Maryland, Nevis, and the Virgin Islands were estimated by applying Robert Wells’s proportions to estimates of the colonies’ total populations.
- 3. For New Hampshire, Maryland, the Bahamas, and St. Eustatius, the sources estimate the number of enslaved people, not the slightly larger number of African Americans.
- 4. Estimates of Pennsylvania’s African American and white populations in 1775 were derived using Bouton’s figures for their proportions of the 1780 population.
- 5. Wood combines his headcounts for the Creeks/Muskogees (14,000) and Georgia. Here these figures have been disaggregated.
- 6. The sole portion of the Spanish North American empire that lay east of the Mississippi River was New Orleans. The headcount given here is an average of New Orleans’s 1769 and 1788 populations.
- 7. This Bahamas estimate includes 150 inhabitants of Turks Island. Since the source provides a racial breakdown for the Bahamas but not Turks, it is assumed to be the same for both.
- 8. The sources for Bermuda, Dominica, and Tobago do not supply headcounts for African Americans and whites but do estimate each group’s proportion of the population. In each case, these proportions have been applied to the total populations.
- 9. Estimates of white and African American populations in Nevis and the Virgin Islands were reached by applying the proportion of each race in all of the Leeward Islands. Although sources do not provide individual racial proportions for either location, Wells estimates that their racial proportions varied from that of all Leeward Islands by less than two percent. Additionally, population statistics for the Virgin Islands were estimated by averaging Wells’s estimate of the islands’ 1756 population and Carey and Lea’s estimate from 1805.
- 10. The number of Abenaki warriors (640) in 1750 was multiplied by five, as suggested by David Ghere, to estimate the total Abenaki population.