Notes
ABBREVIATIONS
- ADC
- Anna E. Dickinson Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
- CFP
- Cole Family Papers, Charles E. Young Research Library, Department of Special Collections, University of California, Los Angeles
- CG
- Congressional Globe
- DEB
- Daily Evening Bulletin (San Francisco)
- G&JP
- Joshua R. Giddings and George Washington Julian Papers, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.
- KSHS
- Kansas State Historical Society, Lawrence, Kansas
- NYDT
- New-York Daily Times
- NYT
- New York Times
- SFB
- San Francisco Bulletin
INTRODUCTION
1. Wright, Old South, New South, 52; Paludan, A Peopleâs Contest, 170, 173; Bushman, âMarkets and Composite Farms in Early America,â 351.
2. Paludan, A Peopleâs Contest, 152, 156.
3. Stoll, Larding the Lean Earth, 122; Brady, War upon the Land, 17. For earlier discussions of soil differences, see Bagley, Soil Exhaustion and the Civil War; and Majewski, Modernizing a Slave Economy.
4. For information on the naming of the Republican Party, see Gienapp, Origins of the Republican Party, 105.
5. Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, 4; Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy, 765; McPherson, For Cause and Comrades, 27â28.
6. Richard White, ââAre You an Environmentalist or Do You Work for a Living?,ââ in Uncommon Ground, ed. Cronon, 172.
7. Rodgers, âRepublicanism,â 18; Onuf, Statehood and Union, 110â11, 113.
8. Lorain, Nature and Reason Harmonized, 525. Special thanks must be given to Benjamin Cohen, a former colleague at the University of Virginia, for alerting me to this source. For an extensive discussion of Lorainâs work, see Cohen, Notes from the Ground, 97.
9. Eric Foner and William Gienapp argue that a commitment to âfree labor ideology, grounded in the precepts that free labor was economically and socially superior to slave labor and that the distinctive quality of Northern society was the opportunity it offered wage earners to property-owning independenceâ united the Republicans (Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, xxxvi). See also Gienapp, Origins of the Republican Party, 353â54; Gienapp, âWho Voted for Lincoln?,â in Abraham Lincoln and the American Political Tradition, ed.. Thomas, 70.
10. Gallagher, Confederate War, 72, 98. Historians often miss how the debate over land development changed after 1848, either talking about the salience of Jeffersonian âagrarianismâ or the ubiquity of âmanifest destinyâ throughout the nineteenth century. For one example, see Somkin, Unquiet Eagle, 117.
11. Paludan, A Peopleâs Contest, 156.
12. Philip Shaw Paludan argues that the Homestead Act âhelped Northerners look away from the problems of an industrializing societyâ (Paludan, A Peopleâs Contest, 167). To a certain extent, this characterization is putting the cart before the horse. I contend that northerners thought they were creating an agricultural society in the West and did not envision the industrialization and urbanization of the later nineteenth century.
13. See Runte, Yosemite, 3.
14. George W. Julian, âThe Overshadowing Question,â in Speeches on Political Questions, ed. Child, 448; Marx, The Machine in the Garden, 23.
15. Earle, Jacksonian Antislavery, 15; Gallagher, Union War, 152. Two recent books have tried connecting events in the United States West and South during Reconstruction. Heather Cox Richardson focuses on the image of the West in nineteenth-century American politics, arguing that the popular mythology of the region created a belief held nationwide that âsuccess came through hard work and that all Americans were working their way upâ (Richardson, West from Appomattox, 5). Elliott West, in The Last Indian War: The Nez Perce Story, seeks the âcommon thread to emancipation, the Freedmenâs Bureau, and federal occupation of the South on the one hand and western railroad surveys, reservations, Indian wars, and Yellowstone National Parkâ on the other (West, The Last Indian War, 21). I argue that the link northerners saw between land use and social structure provided one of the âcommon threads.â
16. Susan-Mary Grant and Phillip Shaw Paludan contend that investigating the thoughts and beliefs of representative individuals or âthinkersâ gives shape to otherwise abstract discussions of ideology and attitudes in the North during the Civil War era. See Grant, North over South, 11; and Paludan, A Covenant with Death, xii.
CHAPTER 1
1. Seward, âFreedom in the New Territories,â in The Senate, 1789â1989: Classic Speeches, ed. Byrd, 308.
2. Foner, Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men, xiv; Berwanger, The Frontier against Slavery, xii; Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. 1, 306; Morrison, Slavery and the American West, 278.
3. For a description of Jeffersonâs views on Missouri, see Freehling, The Road to Disunion, vol. 1, 119â22, 144.
4. Seward, âFreedom in the New Territories,â 300, 311. There was also a gender dimension to the debate over slaveryâs expansion. Some northerners believed slavery was âincongruous to northern family ideals,â pointing to the sexual exploitation of slave women as harmful both to black and white families. See Pierson, Free Hearts and Free Homes, 18.
5. Seward, âFreedom in the New Territories,â 299, 309.
6. Ibid., 299â300. One historian has persuasively argued that Seward was more concerned about an East-West split than a North-South severing. See Wilson, Space, Time, and Freedom, 219.
7. Peterson, The Jefferson Image, 167; Seward, âFreedom in the New Territories,â 311.
8. Onuf, Statehood and Union, 110; Wood, Creation of the American Republic, 52, 55, 56; Wilson, Space, Time, and Freedom, 4, 12; McCoy, The Elusive Republic, 75, 10.
9. Onuf, Jeffersonâs Empire, 143.
10. Gates, History of Public Land Law, 219; Robbins, Our Landed Heritage, 7â8; White, âItâs Your Misfortune and None of My Own,â 138; Hyman, American Singularity, 25; Onuf, Statehood and Union, 21.
11. Hyman, American Singularity, 20â21, 24; Onuf, Jeffersonâs Empire, 113; Onuf, Statehood and Union, 109â10, 113; Cohen, Notes from the Ground, 28.
12. Robbins, Our Landed Heritage, 17â18; Ellis,...