The Laboratory Rat

Mark A. Suckow, Steven H. Weisbroth, Craig L. Franklin, Mark A. Suckow, Steven H. Weisbroth, Craig L. Franklin

• Editorial: Academic Press
• Año: 2005
• ISBN:
  9780080454320
• Edición: 2
• Categoría: Scienze biologiche
• Categoría: Zoologia

The Laboratory Rat, Second Edition features updated information on a variety of topics including: rat genetics and genomics, both spontaneous and induced disease; state-of-the-art technology for housing and husbandry; occupational health, and experimental models. A premier source of information on the laboratory rat that will be of interest to veterinary and medical students, senior graduate, graduate students, post-docs and researchers who utilize animals in biomedical research.

• At least 50% new information than first edition
• Includes topics on rat genetics and genomics, occupational health, and experimental models
• The premier source of information on the laboratory rat

Chapter 1

Historical Foundations

J. Russell Lindsey

Henry J. Baker

Publisher Summary

This chapter traces the biomedical history including the early events and personalities involved in establishment of Rattus norvegicus as a leading laboratory animal. With the coming of modern civilization, a suitable ecological niche became available to the species as an economic pest, allowing its numbers to increase rapidly and spread over the world in close association with man. Regardless of the exact details, the Norway rat became the first mammalian species to be domesticated primarily for scientific purposes. There is some evidence available to suggest that rats probably were used sporadically for nutrition experiments in Europe prior to 1850. Use of the rat in behavioral research began in the Department of Neurology at Clark University in Worcester, Massachusetts. The first behavioral studies using rats were done on an investigation of the effect of alcohol, diet, and barometric changes on animal activity. The Norway rat probably was first used as an experimental animal in a few nutrition studies conducted in Europe prior to 1850. Its popularity for this purpose continued upward as it was used increasingly in several nutrition laboratories in Europe for next several years.

I Origin of the Laboratory Rat

A Earliest Records

B Earliest Experiments

II The Wistar Institute

A Background

B Milton J. Greenman

C Henry H. Donaldson

D Contributions of Donaldson’s Colleagues

E The Wistar Rat Colony

F Wistar under Edmund Farris

G The Modern Era at Wistar

III Behavioral Research

A Doctoral Students at Clark University

B Watson and Meyer

IV Nutrition and Biochemistry

A McCollum and the McCollum-Pratt Institute

B Osborne and Mendel

C Henry C. Sherman

V Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology

A Long and Evans

B Evans and The Institute of Experimental Biology

VI Genetics

A Castle and The Bussey Institution of Harvard

B Castle’s Second Career

VII Cancer Research Institutes

A The Crocker Institute of Cancer Research

B The Detroit Institute for Cancer Research

C The University of Miami and Papanicolaou Cancer Research Institute

VIII Other Stocks of Rats

A Sprague-Dawley

B Albany Strain

C Hunt’s Caries-Susceptible and Caries-Resistant Strains

D The Oldest Rat Stock and the PAR Lou Strain

IX Genealogy of Major Rat Stocks and Strains

X Gnotobiology: Rats without Microflora

A Gustafsson at the University of Lund

B Reyniers and The Lobund Institute

XI Securing the Foundations

A Funding: Role of The National Institutes of Health

B Health: Eliminating Pathogens and Nutrients as Variables ….

C Genetics: Repositories and Standards

D Information: Dissemination and Exchange

XII Epilogue

Acknowledgments

References

I. ORIGIN OF THE LABORATORY RAT

The purpose of this chapter is to retrace, to around the mid 1970s, one of the most fascinating stories of biomedical history: that of the early events and personalities involved in establishment of Rattus norvegicus as a leading laboratory animal. From the outset, three features of the story deserve acknowledgment. First, it will be possible in the brief space of this chapter to touch only the highlights (but these cannot be treated equally because many important details already have been lost). Second, it is predominantly an American story, as most of the strains of rats in use today around the world trace their ancestry to stocks in the United States. Third, the story is literally one of ascendancy from the gutter to a place of nobility, for what creature is more lowly than the rat as a wild pest or more noble than the same species that has contributed so much to the advancement of knowledge as the laboratory rat!

A. Earliest Records

The earliest records of R. norvegicus are a bit sketchy, but there appears to be good agreement on the major events concerning the species (Donaldson, 1912a; Donaldson, 1912b; Castle, 1947; Richter, 1954; Robinson, 1965). Its original natural habitat is thought to have been the temperate regions of Asia, specifically the area of the Caspian Sea, Tobolsk and Lake Baykal in Russia, and possibly extending across China and Mongolia (Hedrich, 2000). With the coming of modern civilization, a suitable ecological niche became available to the species as an economic pest, allowing its numbers to increase rapidly and spread over the world in close association with man. It is said to have reached Europe early in the 18th century, England between 1728 and 1730, North America by 1755, and northeastern United States by 1775, arriving on ships with early settlers. That the species did at one time in history spread through Norway is readily accepted, but the name “Norway rat” or “Norwegian rat” actually has no meaning other than, possibly, to reflect the species name, i.e., norvegicus (Hedrich, 2000).

Richter (1954) has summarized the likely sequence of events in the domestication of R. norvegicus, as follows:

It is quite likely that Norway rats come into captivity as albinos. We know that rat-baiting was popular in France and England as early as 1800, and in America soon afterward. This sport flourished for seventy years or more, until it finally was stopped by decree. In this sport 100 to 200 recently trapped wild Norways were placed at one time in a fighting pit. A trained terrier was put into the pit. A keeper measured the time until the last rat was killed. Sportsmen bet on the killing times of their favorite terriers. For this sport many Norway rats had to be trapped and held in pounds in readiness for contests. Records indicate that albinos were moved from such pounds and kept for show purposes and or breeding. It is thus very likely that these show rats, that probably had been tamed by frequent handling, found their way at one time or another into laboratories.

B. Earliest Experiments

Regardless of the exact details, the Norway rat became the first mammalian species to be domesticated primarily for scientific purposes (Richter, 1959). There is some evidence to suggest that rats probably were used sporadically for nutrition experiments in Europe prior to 1850 (Verzar, 1973). However, the work generally recognized as the first use of the r...