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Clinical Microbiology
J. Keith Struthers
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eBook - ePub
Clinical Microbiology
J. Keith Struthers
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This concise, beautifully illustrated book provides a convenient introduction to the basic science of medical microbiology and how this relates to clinical practice. Expanded from the prize-winning first edition to cover virology and parasitology in addition to bacteriology, this second editions explains the essentials of microbial infection and continues to provide a sound basis for developing logical diagnostic and management strategies, including the critical area of antibiotic usage. Section One focuses on the clinical with chapters centred around infections of the organ systems, while full coverage of the scientific aspects underpinning microbial disease follows in Section Two.
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Información
Contents
Preface
About the Author
Disclaimer
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
Chapter 1 Introduction to Clinical Microbiology
Introduction
Bacteria
Cell Wall
Bacterial Physiology
Synthesis of DNA, RNA and Proteins
Protein Synthesis
Cytoplasmic Membrane and Some of its Functions
Capsules
Sporulation
Genetic Exchange in Bacteria
Viruses
The Replication of Viruses
Fungi
Diseases Caused by Fungi
Parasites
The Life Cycle of Malaria
The Life Cycle of Schistosoma Haematobium
Chapter 2 How Bacteria Cause Disease
Introduction
Non-Specific Defences
Active Defences
The Acute Reaction to Infection
Markers of the Cytokine Response
Acute Phase Proteins
Complement
Pathogenic Properties of Bacteria
Structural Features
Adhesion
Secreted Proteins
Endotoxin
Superantigens
Immune-Mediated Diseases
Chapter 3 Epidemiology and Assessment
Introduction
Epidemiology
World-Wide
Regional
Local
The Incubation Period
The Hiv Test
The Steps in Management of the Patient
MEWS and the ‘Sepsis Six’
Which Organisms and Which Antibiotics?
Antibiotic Treatment in the Septic Patient with an Unknown Source
Fever of Unknown Origin
Infection Control
Public Health
Laboratory Tests
Chapter 4 Anti-Infective Agents
Introduction
Antibacterial Agents
The β-Lactam Antibiotics
Antibiotic Resistance In Bacteria
The Antifungals
Resistance To Antifungals
The Antivirals
Influenza Virus
The Herpesviruses
Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus
HIV
Resistance To Antiviral Agents
Antimalarial Agents
Artesunate
4-Aminoquinoline
8-Aminoquinolines
Tetracyclines
The Science of Antibiotic Use
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration
Antibiotic Kinetics
The Distribution Of Antibiotics In The Body
Importance Of Estimating Renal Function
Antibiotic Assays
Antibiotic Guidelines
Prudent Antibiotic Prescribing
Prophylactic Antibiotics
The Role Of Antibiotic Prophylaxis
The Contamination Classification Of Surgical Procedures
Which Prophylactic Antibiotic To Use
Allergy To Penicillins
The Nature Of The Immunological Reaction To Penicillin
The Types Of Drug Reactions To Consider
Cross-Reaction Between The p-Lactams In The Setting Of The Non-Immediate Allergic Reaction
Obtaining The History
Vaccination
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
Vaccination Of Patients In ‘At Risk’ Groups
Chapter 5 The Microbiology Laboratory
Introduction
The Laboratory
Bacteriology Laboratory Tests
Basic Processing of a Specimen
The Time Scale of Events in the Laboratory
How Bacteria are Identified
Speciation of Bacteria and Fungi
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
The Virology Laboratory (Serology and Molecular Testing)
Serological Tests
Molecular Tests
Nucleic Acid Sequencing
Chapter 6 Infection Control
Introduction
Occupational Health Compliance
Dress Code and Personal Protective Equipment
Hand Washing
The 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene
The Ward Layout and Environment
Negative-Pressure Ventilation Single Rooms
The Source of Organisms and How they are Spread
Air-Borne
Faecal-Oral
Direct Contact
Indirect Contact
Blood-Borne
Water-Borne
Reusable Surgical Equipment
Venous Access Lines
Screening for Infection Control ‘Alert’ Organisms
Chapter 7 Infections of the Blood
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Infective Endocarditis
Infections of Implantable Cardiac Electronic Devices
Diagnosis and Management
Blood Cultures
Infective Endocarditis
Infections of Implantable Cardiac Electronic Devices
Other Ways of Making the Diagnosis
The Identification of Staphylococcus Aureus in Blood Culture
Chapter 8 Infections of the Respiratory Tract
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Otitis Media, Mastoiditis and Sinusitis
Pharyngitis
Pneumonia
Lung Abscess
Diagnosis and Management
Lung Abscess
Infection from Hospital Water Systems
Legionella Pneumophila
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Chapter 9 Tuberculosis
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and Management
Molecular Testing
The Histopathology Specimen
Treatment
Infection Control
Public Health Issues
Chapter 10 Infections of the Urinary Tract
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Uncomplicated and Complicated UTI
Diagnosis and Management
Examination of the Specimen; the Urine Dipstick
The Laboratory Report
The Catheterized Patient
Sterile Pyuria
Relapsing UTI
Chapter 11 Infections of the Alimentary Canal
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Dental Infections
Infections of the Upper Alimentary Canal
Infections of the Lower Alimentary Canal
Diagnosis and Management
Clostridium Difficile
Chapter 12 Infections of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Via the Hepatic Artery to the Liver
Via the Portal Vein to the Liver
Via the Biliary System from the DUODENUM
Diagnosis and Management
Hepatitis Viruses
HAV
HBV
HCV
HEV
An Outline of the Treatment of Chronic Hbv and Hcv Infection
HBV
HCV
Chapter 13 Infections of the Skin, Soft Tissues, Joints and Bone
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Infections of the Skin and Soft Tissue
Fasciitis and Myositis
Septic Arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Diabetic Foot Infections
Diagnosis and Management
Chapter 14 Infections of the Central Nervous System
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Meningitis
Brain Abscess
Subdural and Extradural Infections
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt and External Ventricular Drain Infections
Toxin-Mediated Diseases
Diagnosis and Management
Laboratory Diagnosis
Treatment
Chapter 15 Infections of the Eye
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Diagnosis and Management
Treatment
Chapter 16 Infections of the Genital Systems
Introduction
Organisms
Pathogenesis
Gonorrhoea
...