Clinical Microbiology

J. Keith Struthers

• Verlag: CRC Press
• Jahr: 2017
• ISBN:
  9781498787062
• Auflage: 2
• Thema: Medicine
• Thema: Medical Theory, Practice & Reference

This concise, beautifully illustrated book provides a convenient introduction to the basic science of medical microbiology and how this relates to clinical practice. Expanded from the prize-winning first edition to cover virology and parasitology in addition to bacteriology, this second editions explains the essentials of microbial infection and continues to provide a sound basis for developing logical diagnostic and management strategies, including the critical area of antibiotic usage. Section One focuses on the clinical with chapters centred around infections of the organ systems, while full coverage of the scientific aspects underpinning microbial disease follows in Section Two.

Contents

Preface

About the Author

Disclaimer

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

Chapter 1 Introduction to Clinical Microbiology

Introduction

Bacteria

Cell Wall

Bacterial Physiology

Synthesis of DNA, RNA and Proteins

Protein Synthesis

Cytoplasmic Membrane and Some of its Functions

Capsules

Sporulation

Genetic Exchange in Bacteria

Viruses

The Replication of Viruses

Fungi

Diseases Caused by Fungi

Parasites

The Life Cycle of Malaria

The Life Cycle of Schistosoma Haematobium

Chapter 2 How Bacteria Cause Disease

Introduction

Non-Specific Defences

Active Defences

The Acute Reaction to Infection

Markers of the Cytokine Response

Acute Phase Proteins

Complement

Pathogenic Properties of Bacteria

Structural Features

Adhesion

Secreted Proteins

Endotoxin

Superantigens

Immune-Mediated Diseases

Chapter 3 Epidemiology and Assessment

Introduction

Epidemiology

World-Wide

Regional

Local

The Incubation Period

The Hiv Test

The Steps in Management of the Patient

MEWS and the ‘Sepsis Six’

Which Organisms and Which Antibiotics?

Antibiotic Treatment in the Septic Patient with an Unknown Source

Fever of Unknown Origin

Infection Control

Public Health

Laboratory Tests

Chapter 4 Anti-Infective Agents

Introduction

Antibacterial Agents

The β-Lactam Antibiotics

Antibiotic Resistance In Bacteria

The Antifungals

Resistance To Antifungals

The Antivirals

Influenza Virus

The Herpesviruses

Hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus

HIV

Resistance To Antiviral Agents

Antimalarial Agents

Artesunate

4-Aminoquinoline

8-Aminoquinolines

Tetracyclines

The Science of Antibiotic Use

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration

Minimum Bactericidal Concentration

Antibiotic Kinetics

The Distribution Of Antibiotics In The Body

Importance Of Estimating Renal Function

Antibiotic Assays

Antibiotic Guidelines

Prudent Antibiotic Prescribing

Prophylactic Antibiotics

The Role Of Antibiotic Prophylaxis

The Contamination Classification Of Surgical Procedures

Which Prophylactic Antibiotic To Use

Allergy To Penicillins

The Nature Of The Immunological Reaction To Penicillin

The Types Of Drug Reactions To Consider

Cross-Reaction Between The p-Lactams In The Setting Of The Non-Immediate Allergic Reaction

Obtaining The History

Vaccination

Active Immunity

Passive Immunity

Vaccination Of Patients In ‘At Risk’ Groups

Chapter 5 The Microbiology Laboratory

Introduction

The Laboratory

Bacteriology Laboratory Tests

Basic Processing of a Specimen

The Time Scale of Events in the Laboratory

How Bacteria are Identified

Speciation of Bacteria and Fungi

Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing

The Virology Laboratory (Serology and Molecular Testing)

Serological Tests

Molecular Tests

Nucleic Acid Sequencing

Chapter 6 Infection Control

Introduction

Occupational Health Compliance

Dress Code and Personal Protective Equipment

Hand Washing

The 5 Moments of Hand Hygiene

The Ward Layout and Environment

Negative-Pressure Ventilation Single Rooms

The Source of Organisms and How they are Spread

Air-Borne

Faecal-Oral

Direct Contact

Indirect Contact

Blood-Borne

Water-Borne

Reusable Surgical Equipment

Venous Access Lines

Screening for Infection Control ‘Alert’ Organisms

Chapter 7 Infections of the Blood

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Infective Endocarditis

Infections of Implantable Cardiac Electronic Devices

Diagnosis and Management

Blood Cultures

Infective Endocarditis

Infections of Implantable Cardiac Electronic Devices

Other Ways of Making the Diagnosis

The Identification of Staphylococcus Aureus in Blood Culture

Chapter 8 Infections of the Respiratory Tract

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Otitis Media, Mastoiditis and Sinusitis

Pharyngitis

Pneumonia

Lung Abscess

Diagnosis and Management

Lung Abscess

Infection from Hospital Water Systems

Legionella Pneumophila

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Chapter 9 Tuberculosis

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis and Management

Molecular Testing

The Histopathology Specimen

Treatment

Infection Control

Public Health Issues

Chapter 10 Infections of the Urinary Tract

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Uncomplicated and Complicated UTI

Diagnosis and Management

Examination of the Specimen; the Urine Dipstick

The Laboratory Report

The Catheterized Patient

Sterile Pyuria

Relapsing UTI

Chapter 11 Infections of the Alimentary Canal

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Dental Infections

Infections of the Upper Alimentary Canal

Infections of the Lower Alimentary Canal

Diagnosis and Management

Clostridium Difficile

Chapter 12 Infections of the Liver, Biliary Tract and Pancreas

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Via the Hepatic Artery to the Liver

Via the Portal Vein to the Liver

Via the Biliary System from the DUODENUM

Diagnosis and Management

Hepatitis Viruses

HAV

HBV

HCV

HEV

An Outline of the Treatment of Chronic Hbv and Hcv Infection

HBV

HCV

Chapter 13 Infections of the Skin, Soft Tissues, Joints and Bone

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Infections of the Skin and Soft Tissue

Fasciitis and Myositis

Septic Arthritis

Osteomyelitis

Diabetic Foot Infections

Diagnosis and Management

Chapter 14 Infections of the Central Nervous System

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Meningitis

Brain Abscess

Subdural and Extradural Infections

Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt and External Ventricular Drain Infections

Toxin-Mediated Diseases

Diagnosis and Management

Laboratory Diagnosis

Treatment

Chapter 15 Infections of the Eye

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Diagnosis and Management

Treatment

Chapter 16 Infections of the Genital Systems

Introduction

Organisms

Pathogenesis

Gonorrhoea

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