The Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas

Owen A. O'Connor, Won Seog Kim, Pier L. Zinzani, Owen A. O'Connor, Won Seog Kim, Pier L. Zinzani

• Editorial: Wiley-Blackwell
• Año: 2021
• ISBN:
  9781119671367
• Edición: 1
• Categoría: Medicina
• Categoría: Oncologia

THE PERIPHERAL T-CELL LYMPHOMAS

Provides a comprehensive look at Peripheral T-Cell lymphomas, including the group's unique geographic distribution, underlying genetics, and novel treatments

Peripheral T-Cell lymphomas (PTCL) are a diverse group of lymphoid malignancies that develop from mature T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. PTCL represent 10-15% of all cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the US, and up to 20-25% of cases in South America, Asia, and other regions around the world. The role of different etiologic factors and the variation of geographic distribution makes PTCL one of the most difficult types of cancer to understand and treat.

For the first time in a single volume, The Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas presents a comprehensive survey of this complex and rare group of blood cancers. Featuring contributions from an international team of leading authorities in the various aspects of PTCL, this authoritative text covers biology, epidemiology, classification, approved and emerging drugs, molecular genetics, and more. Detailed clinical chapters address diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of each of the major PTCL subtypes identified in the 2018 WHO Classification of Tumors of Hematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. This much-needed resource:

• Covers the biological basis, epidemiology, classification, and treatment of PTCL
• Discusses the future of the field, including global collaboration efforts and novel approaches to PCTL
• Explores the role of biologics in PTCL and autologous and allogeneic stem-cell transplantation
• Offers new insights on molecular pathogenesis, innovative therapeutics, and novel drug combinations
• Features contributions from the Chairs The T-Cell Lymphoma Forum: the world's largest meeting focused on PTCL

Reflecting the unique epidemiology and genetic diversity of the PTCL, The Peripheral T-Cell Lymphomas is an indispensable source of data, insight, and references for the medical community, particularly oncologists and hematologists in both training and practice.

Part I
Biological Basis of the Peripheral T‐cell Lymphomas

1
The Fundamentals of T‐cell Lymphocyte Biology

Claudio Tripodo^1,2 and Stefano A. Pileri³

¹ Tumor Immunology Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy

² Histopathology Unit, FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy

³ Hematopathology Division, European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan, Italy

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TAKE HOME MESSAGES

• The natural diversity of T cells in normal immune system functions contributes – in part – to the diversity of T‐cell malignancies.
• CD4‐positive T lymphocytes, also called T helper (Th) cells, are divided into a diverse repertoire of T lymphocytes (e.g. Th1, Th2, and Th17), in part defined by the cytokine profile they elaborate.
• Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes can also be classified based on the expression of the transcription factors T‐bet and GATA3. These factors can be prognostic in peripheral T‐cell non‐Hodgkin lymphomas derived from these cells (with GATA3 being associated with a poor prognosis).

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Introduction

The T‐cell system is conventionally regarded as an enabler of diverse compartments, which correspond to different steps of differentiation and functional subsets of mature cells taking part in the immune response in the peripheral lymphoid and non‐lymphoid tissues.

In this chapter, we give a overview of the T‐cell system, more functionally than anatomically oriented, to reflect its extreme plasticity. This plasticity is thought to lie at the heart of the diversity of T‐cell malignancies now recognized by the World Health Organization.

General View of the Differentiation and Function of T Lymphocytes

The immune system can be classified into two basic component: (i) the innate immune system, and (ii) the acquired immune system. The innate immune system is considered to be relatively agnostic to any specific antigen, and is often described as invariant. The innate immune response is the first line of defense, and typically exhibits limited specificity. Examples of innate immune response may include phagocytosis by macrophages, barriers to infection provided by the skin and tears, natural killer and mast cells, and complement‐mediated cytolysis. In contrast, the adaptive (or sometimes called acquired) immune response develops in response to specific antigen, being “custom” designed for the antigen in question. It usually occurs later in the immune response, and has the ability to recall the response to past infections. Components of a functioning acquired immune response might involve antigen‐presenting cells presenting antigen or T cells, the activation of specific T cells which would signal to B cells enlisting their engagement in the response and the production of highly specific antibody capable of binding specific antigen. T and B lymphocytes are the major types of lymphocytes found in the human body, where they can constitute 20–40% of all white blood cells, with only about 2–3% being found in the peripheral circulation, the remainder being localized to various lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, spleen, submucosal tissue). Remarkably, the total mass of lymphocytes in the body can approximate the mass of the brain and liver.

As shown in Figure 1.1 [1], T lymphocytes arise from a bone marrow precursor, which undergoes maturation and functional orientation in the thymus. Antigen‐specific T cells mature in the thymic cortex, where the elements recognizing self‐peptides and major histocompatibility antigens expressed by cortical epithelial cells and thymic nurse cells are eliminated via apoptosis. Failure to eliminate those T cells recognizing self‐peptides is thought to give rise to a host of autoimmune disorders.

Figure 1.1 Schematic overview of T‐cell ontogeny and differentiative trajectories.

Source: Claudio Tripodo, Stefano Pilleri.

Cortical thymocytes exhibit an immature T‐cell phenotype and express a characteristic repertoire of proteins including TdT, CD1a, CD3, CD5, and CD7. CD3 is expressed in the cytoplasm until completion of T‐cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement and is then exported to the cell membrane. Cortical thymocytes are initially CD4/CD8 double negative.

Medullary thymocytes exhibit a phenotype similar to that of mature T cells of the peripheral lymphoid organs with segregation of CD4 and CD8 antigens. Based on the structure of the variable portion of the TCR, T cells have been divided into two classes, including alpha/beta and gamma/delta T cells. They are both associated with the CD3 complex, which contains gamma, delta, and epsilon chains. Gamma and delta T cells usually lack expression of CD4, CD8, and CD5, although a subpopulation can expresses CD8. They represent less than 5% of normal T lymph...