INTRODUCTION: From Angels to Armageddon
1. Arthur Machen, The Angels of Mons (London: Simpkin, Marshall, Hamilton, Kemp, 1915), 19–24; David Clarke, The Angel of Mons (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2004); and for the battle itself, see Terence Zuber, The Mons Myth (London: History Press, 2010).
2. Machen is quoted from Machen, The Angels of Mons, 17; Ralph Shirley, The Angel Warriors at Mons (London: Newspaper Publicity, 1915); and Harold Begbie, On the Side of Angels (London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1915).
3. The fighting dogs are described in Harry Patch and Richard van Emden, The Last Fighting Tommy (London: Bloomsbury, 2007), 104–5.
4. J. C. Squire, The Survival of the Fittest and Other Poems (London: George Allen and Unwin, 1916).
5. Michael Snape, God and the British Soldier (New York: Routledge, 2005); John Fuller, Troop Morale and Popular Culture in the British and Dominion Armies 1914–1918 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991); Stéphane Audoin-Rouzeau, Men at War, 1914–1918 (Providence, RI: Berg, 1992); Richard Schweitzer, The Cross and the Trenches (Westport, CT: Praeger, 2003); and for Russia, see Karen Petrone, The Great War in Russian Memory (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 43–44.
6. Salman Rushdie, Midnight’s Children (New York: Random House, 1980), 47.
7. Stefan Goebel, The Great War and Medieval Memory (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007); Christopher Tyerman, The Debate on the Crusades (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 2011); and Jay Rubenstein, Armies of Heaven (New York: Basic Books, 2011).
8. “Proclamation of Sultan Mehmed V, November 1914,” www.firstworldwar.com/source/mehmed_fetva.htm.
9. Paul Claudel, La Nuit de Noël de 1914 (Paris: A l’Art Catholique, 1915), 27–28, my translation.
10. McKim is quoted from Ray Hamilton Abrams, Preachers Present Arms (New York: Round Table Press, 1933), 55.
11. Lyman Abbott, “To Love Is to Hate,” Outlook 119 (May 1918): 99–100; Dieffenbach is quoted from Abrams, Preachers Present Arms, 67–68; and Alan Seaburg, “Albert Dieffenbach,” Dictionary of Unitarian and Universalist Biography, http://www25.uua.org/uuhs/duub/articles/albertdieffenbach.html.
12. Newell Dwight Hillis, The Blot on the Kaiser’s ’Scutcheon (New York: Fleming H. Revell, 1918), 59.
13. For a debunking of claims about war fever in 1914, see Jeffrey Verhey, The Spirit of 1914 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000); Gerd Krumeich, “‘Gott mit Uns’: La Grande Guerre Fut-Elle Une Guerre de Religion?” in 1914–1945: L’Ére de la Guerre, eds. Anne Duménil, Nicolas Beaupré, and Christian Ingrao, vol. 1 (Paris: Noêsis, 2004), 117–30; Catriona Pennell, A Kingdom United (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012); for war enthusiasm in various countries in 1914, see Lothar Kettenacker and Torsten Riotte, eds., The Legacies of Two World Wars (New York: Berghahn Books, 2011); for popular culture and media, see Hubertus F. Jahn, Patriotic Culture in Russia During World War I (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995); Michael Hammond, The Big Show (Exeter, UK: University of Exeter Press, 2006); and for the process of learning and internalizing official ideologies, see Michael S. Neiberg, Dance of the Furies (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press / Harvard University Press, 2011).
14. Ritzhaupt is quoted from Wilhelm Pressel, Die Kriegspredigt 1914–1918 in der Evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 1967), 153, my translation; John A. Moses, “Justifying War as the Will of God,” Colloquium 31, no. 1 (1999): 3–20; and Günter Brakelmann, “Der Kriegsprotestantismus 1870–1871 und 1914–1918,” in Nationalprotestantische Mentalitäten in Deutschland (1870–1970), eds. Manfred Gailus and Hartmut Lehmann (Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, 2005).
15. Dietrich Vorwerk, Hurra und Halleluja (Schwerin in Mecklenburg, Germany: F. Bahn, 1914), my translation.
16. Snape, God and the British Soldier; Annette Becker, War and Faith (New York: Berg, 1998); Adrian Gregory, The Last Great War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009); and Jonathan H. Ebel, Faith in the Fight (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010).
17. For “Debout les Morts!” see Leonard V. Smith, The Embattled Self (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2007), 72–75.
18. Paul Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press / Harvard University Press, 1992); Bernard McGinn, Antichrist (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1994); Andrew Cunningham and Ole Peter Grell, The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000); and Catherine Wessinger, ed., The Oxford Handbook of Millennialism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
19. The manifesto is quoted in Frances Carey, ed., The Apocalypse and the Shape of Things to Come (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1999), 279.
20. Vera Brittain, Testament of Youth (New York: Macmillan, 1933), 414–17.
21. Roger Ford, Eden to Armageddon (New York: Pegasus Books, 2010); and Scofield is quoted in Boyer, When Time Shall Be No More, 102.
22. Michael Burleigh, Sacred Causes (New York: HarperPress, 2006), 38–122.
23. The Cambridge History of Christianity, ed. Hugh McLeod, vol. 9, World Christianities c. 1914 – c. 2000 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006); and Andrew Preston, Sword of the Spirit, Shield of Faith (New York: Knopf, 2012).
24. Hilaire Belloc, Europe and the Faith (New York: Paulist Press, 1920); and World Christian Database, www.worldchristiandatabase.org/wcd/.
25. Philip Jenkins, The Next Christendom, 3rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2011).
26. Geoffrey Wheatcroft, “Perfidious Albion,” review of The Balfour Declaration: The Origins of the Arab-Israeli Conflict, by Jonathan Schneer, New Statesman, August 23, 2010, www.newstatesman.com/books/2010/08/arab-palestine-jewish-rights.
27. The New Cambridge History of Islam, ed. Francis Robinson, vol. 5, The Islamic World in the Age of Western Dominance (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010).
CHAPTER ONE: The Great War
1. The First World War continues to attract a vast scholarly literature. Throughout this book I have used Martin Gilbert, The First World War (New York: Henry Holt, 1994); John Keegan, The First World War (New York: Vintage Books, 1998); Hew Strachan, The First World War (New York: Viking, 2004); Michael S. Neiberg, Fighting the Great War (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005); John Horne, ed., A Companion to World War I (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010); Lawrence Sondhaus, World War I (Cambridge: Ca...