Chem Lab Basics

Mark Jackson, Frank Miskevich

• Editorial: QuickStudy Reference Guides
• Año: 2018
• ISBN:
  9781423240570
• Categoría: Ciencias biológicas
• Categoría: Historia y práctica de la ciencia

With the study of molecules and how they interact with one another, theory is important, but the lab is where the true excitement of chemistry lies. This 6 page laminated guide is intended to serve as a reminder and quick study review for all aspects of the chemistry lab, from safety to chemicals, to instruments, and safety again (first, last, and always!). Designed to find answers fast and to be spill proof it's perfect for high school and early college students studying chemistry, as well as anyone interested in learning how scientists safely study the molecules that make up everything around us.
6 page laminated guide includes:

• Lab Safety Training
• General Lab Guidelines
• Working With Chemicals
• Exposure to Chemicals
• First Aid
• Know Your Lab Reagents
• Chemical Spills
• Waste Management
• Useful Chemical Information
• Periodic Table Included
• Lab Must-Knows
• Safe Use of Lab Equipment
• Data Manipulation
• Preparing a Solution

Useful Chemical Information

Liquid solubility rule: “Like dissolves like” Water, “the universal solvent,” is an excellent solvent for polar molecules like salts.

Boiling point: 100.0ºC

Freezing point: 0.0ºC

Density: 1.00 g/mL at 4ºC

Molar mass: 18.015 g

Vapor pressure: 23.8 mm Hg, 25ºC

Organic Compounds: General Rules

• Nonpolar compounds (e.g., hexane and benzene) are soluble in nonpolar organic solvents, but insoluble in water. Oils tend to float on water (think about when you are washing oily or greasy dishes).
• Polar compounds (e.g., amines, alcohols, and organic acids) tend to dissolve in water.

Organic Solvents

Organic Solvent	Boiling Point	Density (g/mL)	Molar Mass (g/mol)
Acetone	56ºC	0.79	58.08 polar
Acetic acid	118ºC	1.0446	60.052 polar
Benzene	80ºC	0.88	78.12 nonpolar
Carbon tetrachloride	77ºC	1.594	153.82 nonpolar
Chloroform	61ºC	1.4788	119.38 nonpolar
Diethyl ether	34.5ºC	0.713	74.12 nonpolar
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)	189ºC	1.092	78.13 polar
Ethanol	79ºC	0.79	46.07 polar
Ethyl acetate	77ºC	0.895	88.11 polar
Ethylene glycol	195ºC	1.115	62.07 polar
Hexane	69ºC	0.659	86.18 nonpolar
Isopropanol	82ºC	0.79	60.11 polar
Methanol	65ºC	0.79	32.04 polar
Toluene	111ºC	0.87	92.15 nonpolar

Properties of Inorganic Salts (Aqueous Solubility)

	Acetate Nitrate Perchlorate Chlorate	Chloride Bromide Iodide	Fluoride	Sulfate	Carbonate Sulfide Phosphate Hydroxide Chromate	Oxide
Alkali metals, ammonium	Soluble	Soluble	Soluble	Soluble	Soluble	Forms hydroxide
Ca, Mg	Soluble	Soluble	Insoluble	Soluble	Insoluble	Insoluble
Sr, Ba	Soluble	Soluble	Insoluble	Insoluble	Insoluble	Insoluble
Fe, Cu, Zn	Soluble	Soluble	Insoluble	Soluble	Insoluble	Insoluble
Pb(II)	Soluble	Insoluble	Insoluble	Insoluble	Insoluble	Insoluble
Hg(I)	Soluble	Insoluble	N/A	Insoluble	Insoluble	Insoluble
Ag	Soluble	Insoluble	Soluble	Soluble	Insoluble	Insoluble

Flame Test

Characteristic colors of ion in a flame

Violet: Potassium, rubidium, and cesium

Blue: Copper (azure), lead, arsenic, and selenium

Green: Copper (emerald), barium (yellowish), and zinc (whitish)

Yellow: Sodium

Red: Lithium (carmine), strontium (scarlet), and calcium (yellowish)

Acids

Commercial Reagent
Hyd...