The Story of Black

John Harvey

• Editorial: Reaktion Books
• Año: 2013
• ISBN:
  9781780231433
• Categoría: Storia
• Categoría: Storia mondiale

As a color, black comes in no other shades: it is a single hue with no variation, one half of a dichotomy. But what it symbolizes envelops the entire spectrum of meaning—good and bad. The Story of Black travels back to the biblical and classical eras to explore the ambiguous relationship the world's cultures have had with this sometimes accursed color, examining how black has been used as a tool and a metaphor in a plethora of startling ways. John Harvey delves into the color's problematic association with race, observing how white Europeans exploited the negative associations people had with the color to enslave millions of black Africans. He then looks at the many figurative meanings of black—for instance, the Greek word melancholia, or black bile, which defines our dark moods, and the ancient Egyptians' use of black as the color of death, which led to it becoming the standard hue for funereal garb and the clothing of priests, churches, and cults. Considering the innate austerity and gravity of black, Harvey reveals how it also became the color of choice for the robes of merchants, lawyers, and monarchs before gaining popularity with eighteenth- and nineteenth-century dandies and with Goths and other subcultures today. Finally, he looks at how artists and designers have applied the color to their work, from the earliest cave paintings to Caravaggio, Rembrandt, and Rothko. Asking how a single color can at once embody death, evil, and glamour, The Story of Black unearths the secret behind black's continuing power to compel and divide us.

REFERENCES

Introduction: How Black Is Black?

1	‘Black is not a colour’, A Treatise on Painting, trans. J. F. Rigaud (London, 1802), chap. 235, p. 132. Leonardo also said that black, ‘like a broken vessel, is not able to contain anything’ (chap. 222). But though he noted that ‘black and white are not reckoned among colours’, and called black ‘the representative of darkness’, he stated that he would ‘not omit mentioning them, because there is nothing in painting more useful and necessary; since painting is but an effect produced by lights and shadows’ (chap. 226).
2	Matisse had much to say on black. His assertion that ‘le noir c’est une force: je mets mon lest en noir pour simplifier la construction’ is quoted in the first number of Derrière le miroir, December 1946. For further remarks by Matisse on black (for instance at the opening of the exhibition ‘Black is a Colour’ at the Galerie Maeght, Paris, in December 1946. see Jack D. Flam, Matisse on Art (Berkeley, CA, 1995), p. 165ff; also Annie Mollard-Desfour, Le Noir (Paris, 2005), p. 20, n. 7 (which includes ‘Pissarro me disait . . . “Manet . . . fait de la lumière avec du noir”’). For the Renoir, see A. Vollard, Renoir: An Intimate Record, trans. H. L. Van Doren and R. T. Weaver [1925] (London, 1990), chap. 12, p. 52. On Tintoretto see for instance Eric Potter, ed., Painters on Painting (New York, 1971), pp. 53–4. On Aristotle and Goethe, see pp. 45, 227 below. On Beethoven and the black chord, see Michael C. Tusa, ‘Beethoven’s “C-Minor Mood”: Some Thoughts on the Structural Implications of Key Choice’, in Beethoven Forum, 2, ed. Christoph Reynolds (Lincoln, NE, 1993), p. 2, n. 3.
3	Michel Pastoureau, Black: The History of a Color (Princeton, NJ, 2009), p. 194; Ludwig Wittgenstein, Remarks on Colour, ed. G.E.M. Anscombe (Berkeley, CA, 1978), p. 37e, section 156, p. 46e, section 215.
4	Thomas Young, A Course of Lectures on Natural Philosophy and the Mechanical Arts (London, 1807), p. 345.
5	Hermann von Helmholtz, Helmholtz’s Treatise on Physiological Optics, trans. J.P.C. Southall (Menasha, WI, 1924), vol. II, p. 131. The first sentence is sometimes quoted without the article, ‘Black is real sensation’, but the German reads ‘Das Schwarz ist eine wirkliche Empfindung’.
6	Hodgkin is quoted in W. D. Wright, ‘The Nature of Blackness in Art and Visual Perception’, Leonardo, XIV (1981), pp. 236–7. I am grateful to Dr David Tolhurst for an explanation of the biochemistry of sight.
7	‘I conclude, then, that the organ of colour and its impressions were but partially developed among the Greeks of the heroic age’: William Ewart Gladstone, Studies in Homer and the Homeric Age, vol. III (Oxford, 1858), p. 488; on ‘flauus’ and other elusive classical colour-words see Mark Bradley, Colour and Meaning in Ancient Rome (Cambridge, 2009), pp. 1–12; on colour and historical etymology see R. W. Casson, ‘Colour Shift: Evolution of English Color Terms from Brightness to Hue’, in Colour Categories in Thought and Language, ed. C. L. Hardin and L. Maffi (Cambridge, 1997), pp. 224–39.
8	Brent Berlin and Paul Kay, Basic Colour Terms: Their Universality and Evolution (Berkeley, CA, 1969); for an extended appraisal of many aspects of Basic Colour Terms see Hardin and Maffi, eds, Colour Categories in Thought and Language.
9	See Rudolf Steiner in Colour (Forest Row, East Sussex, 1992), p. 25. On the cultural associations of black see Victor Turner, The Forest of Symbols: Aspects of Ndembu Ritual (Ithaca, NY, 1967), especially chap. 3, ‘Color Classification in Ndembu Ritual’, pp. 59ff; C. Lévi-Strauss, The Raw and the Cooked, trans. J. Weightman and D. Weightman (London, 1970); Umberto Eco, ‘How Culture Conditions the Colours We See’, in On Signs, ed. M. Blonsky (Baltimore, MD, 1985), pp. 157–75.
10	See Jeremy Coote, ‘“Marvels of Everyday Vision”: The Anthropology of Aesthetics and the Cattle Keeping Nilotes’, in Anthropology and Aesthetics, ed. J. Coote and A. Shelton (Oxford, 1992), pp. 245–73; John Ryle is quoted on p. 251.

ONE: The Oldest Colour

1	The Elder Eddas of Saemund Sigfusson and the Younger Eddas of Snorre Sturleson, trans. I. A. Blackwell (Copenhagen, 1906), p. 260.
2	Andrew Marvell, ‘The First Anniversary of the Government under O.C.’ (1654), ll. 341–2.
3	To go from petals to stems, it would have been in plants’ interest if their stems and leaves could have been black, since they would then absorb – and use – more light in their photosynthetic processes. And plants’ leaves could have been black since, in the waterborne stage of their evolution, they made use of various photosynthetic bacteria and the different pigments that derived from them (known as bacteriochlorophylls and carotenoids). As matters turned out, however, the plant lineage which made it onto dry land was committed to chlorophyll, which had evolved with a red-blue absorption to avoid competition with other bacteriochlorophylls. And once established on land, it would have been too demanding evolutionarily to start again in another colour. I am indebted to Dr Julian Hibbard for these points about plants and their pigments.
4	On all-black birds, black male birds and piebald creatures, see Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex [1871] (Princeton, NJ, 1981), Part II, chap. XVI, pp. 226–7. On the Gouldian finch see Jennifer J. Templeton, D. James Mountjoy, Sarah R. Pryke and Simon C. Griffith, ‘In the Eye of the Beholder: Visual Mate Choice Lateralization in a Polymorphic Songbird’, Biology Letters (3 October 2012), available at http://rsbl.royalsocietypublishing.org. On the inherited avoidance of warning colours, see Leena Lindström, Rauno V. Alatalo and Johanna Mappes, ‘Reaction of Hand-reared and Wild-caught Predators towards Warningly Colored, Gregarious, and Conspicuous Prey’, Behavioural Ecology, X/3 (1999), pp. 317–22.
5	‘H’ (possibly Dr Harley), ‘Mr Ruskin’s Illness Described by Himself’, British Medical Journal (27 January 1900), p. 225.
6	See G. Bass, ‘A Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun (Kas)’, American Journal of Archaeology, XC/3 (July 1986), pp. 269–96.
7	Pliny the Elder, Natural History, Book XVI, 40.
8	Herodotus, Histories, I, 98–9.
9	Ibid., 1, 179.
10	The Book of the Dead, trans. E. A. Wallis Budge, chap. 175, ‘The Chapter of Not Dying a Second Time’.
11	Plutarch, Moralia, V, 26, ‘On Isis and Osiris’, trans. F. C. Babbitt (London, 1936).
12	On Hindu beliefs see Wendy Doniger, The Hindus: An Alternative History (New York, 2009). I have also drawn especially on H. Krishna Sastri, South Indian Images of Gods and Goddesses (Madras, 1916), and on Alain Daniélou, Mythes et dieux de l’Inde: Le Polythéisme hindou (Paris, 1994) – see, for instance, ‘La Couleur sombre’, pp. 242ff; also on conversations with Eric Auzoux, Anita Desai and Simeran Gell.
13	In another myt...