A History of the Internet and the Digital Future

Johnny Ryan

• Editorial: Reaktion Books
• Año: 2010
• ISBN:
  9781861898357
• Categoría: Informatik
• Categoría: Informatik Allgemein

A History of the Internet and the Digital Future tells the story of the development of the Internet from the 1950s to the present and examines how the balance of power has shifted between the individual and the state in the areas of censorship, copyright infringement, intellectual freedom, and terrorism and warfare. Johnny Ryan explains how the Internet has revolutionized political campaigns; how the development of the World Wide Web enfranchised a new online population of assertive, niche consumers; and how the dot-com bust taught smarter firms to capitalize on the power of digital artisans. From the government-controlled systems of the Cold War to today's move towards cloud computing, user-driven content, and the new global commons, this book reveals the trends that are shaping the businesses, politics, and media of the digital future.

References

1 A CONCEPT BORN IN THE SHADOW OF THE NUKE

1 ‘A Report to the President pursuant to the President’s directive of January 31, 1950’, NSC 68 (7 April 1950), p. 54.

2 Gregg Herken, Counsels of War (New York, 1985), pp. 96–7.

3 NSC 162/2.

4 ‘A study on the management and termination of war with the Soviet Union’, NET Evaluation Subcommittee of the National Security Council (15 November 1963) (URL: www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB31/05-01.htm, last accessed 9 December 2008), pp. 4–13.

5 ‘Report of the NET Evaluation Subcommittee of the National Security Council’, transcript of oral briefing to the President, date of transcript 27 August 1963 (URL: www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/special/doc08.pdf, last accessed 9 December 2008), p. 19.

6 ‘A Report to the President’, p. 54.

7 ‘The Unknown History of the Internet’, Stanford Unknown History of the Internet series (September 2003) (URL: www.org/entrevista_ej.pdf, last accessed 13 January 2009).

8 Paul Baran, interviewed by David Hochfelder (24 October 1999), IEEE History Centre (URL: www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_
center/oral_history/pdfs/Baran378.pdf, last accessed 16 January 2009), pp. 7–8; see also Paul Baran speaking in Keenan Mayo and Peter Newcomb, ‘How the Web was Won: An Oral History of the Internet’, Vanity Fair (July 2008).

9 Paul Baran, ‘On a Distributed Command and Control System Configuration’ (Santa Monica, 1960) (URL: www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM2632/).

10 Interview with Paul Baran in Stewart Brand, ‘Founding Father’, Wired (March 2001) (URL: www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.03/baran.html?pg=2, last accessed 15 October 2008).

11 Paul Baran, ‘On Distributed Communication Networks’ (Santa Monica, CA, 1962).

12 Ibid., p. 33.

13 Paul Baran, ‘Summary Overview: On Distributed Communications’ (Santa Monica, CA, 1964) (URL: rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3767/), p. 18.

14 Interview with Baran in Brand, ‘Founding Father’.

15 Baran, interviewed by Hochfelder, p. 13.

16 Recommendation to the air staff on the development of the distributed adaptive message-block network, 30 August 1965 (URL: www.archive.org/details/RecommendationToTheAirStaff, last accessed 29 January 2009).

17 Ibid., p. 4.

18 Paul Baran, ‘Reliable Digital Communications Systems Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodes’ (Santa Monica, 1960).

19 Baran, interviewed by Hochfelder, p. 12.

20 Ibid., p. 14.

21 Leonard Kleinrock, ‘Information Flow in Large Communication Nets’, Proposal for a PhD thesis, MIT (31 May 1961) (URL: www.cs.ucla.edu/~lk/LK/Bib/REPORT/PhD/, last accessed 10 July 2009).

22 Thomas Marill and Lawrence Roberts, ‘Toward a cooperative network of time-shared computers’, Proceedings of the November 7–10, 1966, Fall Joint Computer Conference, American Federation of Information Processing Societies, New York (November 1966).

23 Baran, interviewed by Hochfelder, p. 12.

24 Paul Baran, interviewed by Mike Cassidy, ‘Internet Pioneer Paul Baran Sees Net’s Peaceful Purpose’, Mike Cassidy’s loose ends blog (25 September 2008) (URL: blogs.mercurynews.com/cassidy/2008/09/25/INTERNET-pioneer-paul-baran-sees-nets-peaceful-purpose/, last accessed 13 January 2009).

25 Paul Baran, interviewed by Judy E. O’Neill (5 March 1990), Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota (URL: special.lib.umn.edu/cbi/oh/pdf.phtml?id=295, last accessed 3 July 2009), p. 34.

26 Timothy Moy, War Machines: Transforming Technologies in the US Military, 1920–1940 (College Station, TX, 2001), p. 96.

27 Karl T. Compton, ‘Organisation of American Scientists for the War’ (20 May 1943), reprinted in Science, XCVIII/2535 (30 July 1943), p. 94.

28 Watson Davis, ‘Science is Decisive’, Science News Letter, XLI/18 (2 May 1942).

29 Otto Eisenschil, ‘The Chemist in Three Wars’, Science, XCVI/2495 (23 October 1942), p. 371.

30 Vannevar Bush to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (16 July 1941) (URL: www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/a13e01.html, last accessed 22 November 2008).

31 Vannevar Bush, Pieces of the Action (New York, 1970), pp. 121–8, 135.

32 ‘National Inventors Council to serve as clearing house’, ...