References
1 A CONCEPT BORN IN THE SHADOW OF THE NUKE
1 âA Report to the President pursuant to the Presidentâs directive of January 31, 1950â, NSC 68 (7 April 1950), p. 54.
2 Gregg Herken, Counsels of War (New York, 1985), pp. 96â7.
3 NSC 162/2.
4 âA study on the management and termination of war with the Soviet Unionâ, NET Evaluation Subcommittee of the National Security Council (15 November 1963) (URL: www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB31/05-01.htm, last accessed 9 December 2008), pp. 4â13.
5 âReport of the NET Evaluation Subcommittee of the National Security Councilâ, transcript of oral briefing to the President, date of transcript 27 August 1963 (URL: www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/special/doc08.pdf, last accessed 9 December 2008), p. 19.
6 âA Report to the Presidentâ, p. 54.
7 âThe Unknown History of the Internetâ, Stanford Unknown History of the Internet series (September 2003) (URL: www.org/entrevista_ej.pdf, last accessed 13 January 2009).
8 Paul Baran, interviewed by David Hochfelder (24 October 1999), IEEE History Centre (URL: www.ieee.org/portal/cms_docs_iportals/iportals/aboutus/history_
center/oral_history/pdfs/Baran378.pdf, last accessed 16 January 2009), pp. 7â8; see also Paul Baran speaking in Keenan Mayo and Peter Newcomb, âHow the Web was Won: An Oral History of the Internetâ, Vanity Fair (July 2008).
9 Paul Baran, âOn a Distributed Command and Control System Configurationâ (Santa Monica, 1960) (URL: www.rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM2632/).
10 Interview with Paul Baran in Stewart Brand, âFounding Fatherâ, Wired (March 2001) (URL: www.wired.com/wired/archive/9.03/baran.html?pg=2, last accessed 15 October 2008).
11 Paul Baran, âOn Distributed Communication Networksâ (Santa Monica, CA, 1962).
12 Ibid., p. 33.
13 Paul Baran, âSummary Overview: On Distributed Communicationsâ (Santa Monica, CA, 1964) (URL: rand.org/pubs/research_memoranda/RM3767/), p. 18.
14 Interview with Baran in Brand, âFounding Fatherâ.
15 Baran, interviewed by Hochfelder, p. 13.
16 Recommendation to the air staff on the development of the distributed adaptive message-block network, 30 August 1965 (URL: www.archive.org/details/RecommendationToTheAirStaff, last accessed 29 January 2009).
17 Ibid., p. 4.
18 Paul Baran, âReliable Digital Communications Systems Using Unreliable Network Repeater Nodesâ (Santa Monica, 1960).
19 Baran, interviewed by Hochfelder, p. 12.
20 Ibid., p. 14.
21 Leonard Kleinrock, âInformation Flow in Large Communication Netsâ, Proposal for a PhD thesis, MIT (31 May 1961) (URL: www.cs.ucla.edu/~lk/LK/Bib/REPORT/PhD/, last accessed 10 July 2009).
22 Thomas Marill and Lawrence Roberts, âToward a cooperative network of time-shared computersâ, Proceedings of the November 7â10, 1966, Fall Joint Computer Conference, American Federation of Information Processing Societies, New York (November 1966).
23 Baran, interviewed by Hochfelder, p. 12.
24 Paul Baran, interviewed by Mike Cassidy, âInternet Pioneer Paul Baran Sees Netâs Peaceful Purposeâ, Mike Cassidyâs loose ends blog (25 September 2008) (URL: blogs.mercurynews.com/cassidy/2008/09/25/INTERNET-pioneer-paul-baran-sees-nets-peaceful-purpose/, last accessed 13 January 2009).
25 Paul Baran, interviewed by Judy E. OâNeill (5 March 1990), Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota (URL: special.lib.umn.edu/cbi/oh/pdf.phtml?id=295, last accessed 3 July 2009), p. 34.
26 Timothy Moy, War Machines: Transforming Technologies in the US Military, 1920â1940 (College Station, TX, 2001), p. 96.
27 Karl T. Compton, âOrganisation of American Scientists for the Warâ (20 May 1943), reprinted in Science, XCVIII/2535 (30 July 1943), p. 94.
28 Watson Davis, âScience is Decisiveâ, Science News Letter, XLI/18 (2 May 1942).
29 Otto Eisenschil, âThe Chemist in Three Warsâ, Science, XCVI/2495 (23 October 1942), p. 371.
30 Vannevar Bush to Franklin Delano Roosevelt (16 July 1941) (URL: www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/psf/box2/a13e01.html, last accessed 22 November 2008).
31 Vannevar Bush, Pieces of the Action (New York, 1970), pp. 121â8, 135.
32 âNational Inventors Council to serve as clearing houseâ, ...