eBook - ePub
Zeolite Catalysts
Principles and Applications
Subhash Bhatia
This is a test
Partager le livre
- 304 pages
- English
- ePUB (adapté aux mobiles)
- Disponible sur iOS et Android
eBook - ePub
Zeolite Catalysts
Principles and Applications
Subhash Bhatia
DĂ©tails du livre
Aperçu du livre
Table des matiĂšres
Citations
Ă propos de ce livre
Presented in an easy-to-read form, this book on zeolite catalysis cover all aspects of the subject. It focuses on synthesis, structure, diffusion, deactivation, and industrial applications. This book is an ideal text for courses on catalysis or as a supplementary text for those studying applied or industrial chemistry. It is also a useful resource for anyone who works with zeolites as catalysts in the laboratory, pilot plants, or commercial installations.
Foire aux questions
Comment puis-je résilier mon abonnement ?
Il vous suffit de vous rendre dans la section compte dans paramĂštres et de cliquer sur « RĂ©silier lâabonnement ». Câest aussi simple que cela ! Une fois que vous aurez rĂ©siliĂ© votre abonnement, il restera actif pour le reste de la pĂ©riode pour laquelle vous avez payĂ©. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Puis-je / comment puis-je télécharger des livres ?
Pour le moment, tous nos livres en format ePub adaptĂ©s aux mobiles peuvent ĂȘtre tĂ©lĂ©chargĂ©s via lâapplication. La plupart de nos PDF sont Ă©galement disponibles en tĂ©lĂ©chargement et les autres seront tĂ©lĂ©chargeables trĂšs prochainement. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Quelle est la différence entre les formules tarifaires ?
Les deux abonnements vous donnent un accĂšs complet Ă la bibliothĂšque et Ă toutes les fonctionnalitĂ©s de Perlego. Les seules diffĂ©rences sont les tarifs ainsi que la pĂ©riode dâabonnement : avec lâabonnement annuel, vous Ă©conomiserez environ 30 % par rapport Ă 12 mois dâabonnement mensuel.
Quâest-ce que Perlego ?
Nous sommes un service dâabonnement Ă des ouvrages universitaires en ligne, oĂč vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă toute une bibliothĂšque pour un prix infĂ©rieur Ă celui dâun seul livre par mois. Avec plus dâun million de livres sur plus de 1 000 sujets, nous avons ce quâil vous faut ! DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Prenez-vous en charge la synthÚse vocale ?
Recherchez le symbole Ăcouter sur votre prochain livre pour voir si vous pouvez lâĂ©couter. Lâoutil Ăcouter lit le texte Ă haute voix pour vous, en surlignant le passage qui est en cours de lecture. Vous pouvez le mettre sur pause, lâaccĂ©lĂ©rer ou le ralentir. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Est-ce que Zeolite Catalysts est un PDF/ePUB en ligne ?
Oui, vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă Zeolite Catalysts par Subhash Bhatia en format PDF et/ou ePUB ainsi quâĂ dâautres livres populaires dans Technology & Engineering et Applied Sciences. Nous disposons de plus dâun million dâouvrages Ă dĂ©couvrir dans notre catalogue.
Informations
Chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
In recent years there have been considerable academic and industrial research efforts carried out in the field of zeolite catalysis.1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 There are 34 known natural zeolites and about 100 zeolites which do not have natural counterparts have been synthesized. Of this large number of zeolites, only a few have found commercial application: they are mostly synthetic zeolites and synthetic-analog natural zeolites. Since zeolites were first used in petroleum processing in the 1960s, zeolite catalysis has undergone rapid and dynamic advances. The number of zeolite-related U.S. patents published through 1981 exceeds 5,000 and the zeolite scientific and technical literature contains over 25,000 articles.
A zeolite has been defined by Smith9 as a âcrystalline aluminosilicate with a tetrahedral framework structure enclosing cavities occupied by cations and water molecules, both of which have enough freedom of movement to permit cation exchange and reversible dehydrationâ. The term zeolite was originally used to describe just such a material. Later, however, the term was broadened to include all ion exchangers â naturally occurring and synthetic inorganic materials as well as organic ones. Because of the widespread use of crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites in industry today, the name zeolite is now fairly well known.
The major industrial processes that use zeolite catalysts are listed in Table 1, together with their respective zeolite usages.
The major part of zeolite catalysis work has been related to reactions where the zeolite is used as solid acid, e.g., isomerization, cracking, hydrocracking etc. The catalyst of choice for catalytic cracking, the heaviest use of zeolites, is usually a rare earth, magnesium, hydrogen, or ultrastable form of zeolite X and Y, or a combination of these. The next heaviest use, hydrocracking, uses catalysts that are dual function in nature and incorporate CO, MO, W, Ni, Pt, or Pd supported on HY, mordenite, erionite, or ultrastable faujasites. Organic and inorganic chemical technologies currently have little use for zeolite catalysts. However, because of the unique intercrystalline pore-channel systems and the excellent maintenance of catalyst activity of the new organic cation containing zeolites, applications in the organic chemical process industry are increasing.
The increased process applications of zeolites in the chemical industry and the virtual explosion of new zeolite synthesis and characterization studies have generated a number of innovations in zeolite catalysis. Review on zeolite catalysis has therefore in general tended to concentrate more on the work related to acid catalysis.1,4,10
In general, zeolites have four properties that make them especially interesting for heterogeneous catalysis:11,12
1. They have exchangeable cations allowing the introduction of cations with various catalytic properties.
2. If these cationic sites are exchanged to H+, they can have a very high number of very strong acid sites.
3. Their pore diameters are less than 10 Ă
.
4. They have pores with one or more discrete sizes.
In principle, zeolites offer considerable scope for surface modification. The ion exchange properties and the periodicity (crystallinity) of zeolites, for example, enable functional metal ions or complexes to be stablized in a variety of oxidation states and coordination geometries on specific surfaces in a well-defined pore structure. This represents a valuable starting point in the design of catalytic surfaces. A greater emphasis is given to the most recent and more novel application of zeolites to heterogeneous catalysis.
Process | Wt% | Catalyst examples |
---|---|---|
Catalytic cracking | 90 | REY, HY |
Hydrocracking | 9 | CO, MO, W, Ni, HY, mordenite, erionite |
Organic chemicals | 1 | ZSM-5, REY |
Inorganic chemicals | 1 | Mordenite |
1756 | Discovery and naming of first natural zeolite, stilbite |
1825 | Discovery of natural lecynite |
1842 | Discovery of natural faujasite |
1862 | First zeolite synthesis (levynite) |
1864 | Discovery of natural mordenite |
1870â88 | First ion exchange studies with zeolites |
1890 | Discovery of natural erionite |
1929 | Potential as strong acids described (Pauling) |
1930â34 | First zeolite structure determinations |
1932 | Zeolites described as molecular sieves |
1942â45 | Quantitative separations by molecular sieving |
1948 | First purely synthetic zeolite made |
1948 | Synthesis of mordenite |
1949 | Preparation of acid forms of zeolites |
1956â64 | Synthesis of zeolites A,X, and Y (Union Carbide) |
1962 | Introduction of zeolite-based cracking catalysts(Mobil Oil Corp.) |
1971â72 | Highly-siliceous zeolites (ZSM-5, ZSM-8) synthesized (Mobil Oil Corp.) |
1975 | ZSM-5 catalysts used in ethyl benzene production |
1978 | ZSM-5 catalysts used in oil dewaxing |
1978 | Structure of ZSM-5 and ZSM-11 |
1980 | High resolution electron micros... |