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British English Phonetic Transcription
Paul Carley, Inger M. Mees
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eBook - ePub
British English Phonetic Transcription
Paul Carley, Inger M. Mees
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British English Phonetic Transcription provides an accessible introduction to phonemic, phonetic and intonational transcription with a focus on British English. Featuring exercises, revision tasks and recordings to help students gain hands-on practice, the book takes a learning-by-doing approach and ensures students gain practice using each new symbol or concept introduced before moving on to the next. Consisting of three parts, the book covers:
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- transcribing individual words, including consonants, vowels, primary stress, secondary stress, syllabic consonants and inflections;
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- transcribing phrases and sentences, including liaison, weak forms, elision and assimilation;
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- transcribing intonation, including the structure of English intonation and recognising pitch patterns.
Ideally suited as a standalone workbook or for use alongside American English Phonetic Transcription, British English Phonetic Transcription is key reading for undergraduate students of linguistics as well as anyone teaching or learning English as a foreign language.
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Informations
PART A
Transcribing words
1
THE FAMILIAR CONSONANTS /p b t d k ÉĄ f v s z h m n w l r/ AND THE VOWELS /ÉȘ ĂŠ e É Ê Ê/
1.1 Consonants with familiar symbols
Of the 24 English consonant phonemes /ËfÉÊËniËmz/, 16 are transcribed with symbols which are the same as letters commonly used to represent the same phonemes in normal English spelling. They are:
/p/ | post, top, happy | /s/ | sit, miss, city | |
/b/ | big, job, hobby | /z/ | zoo, please, maze | |
/t/ | top, cat, matter | /h/ | house, who | |
/d/ | dog, bad, ladder | /m/ | moon, ram, hammer | |
/k/ | cut, look, lack, quit | /n/ | now, ten, dinner | |
/ÉĄ/ | go, leg, maggot | /w/ | wet, when | |
/f/ | fit, phone, stiff | /l/ | like, still | |
/v/ | van, give | /r/ | run, very, hurry |
Itâs very convenient that so many of the phonemic symbols for English consonants are like the letters used in ordinary spelling, but there are still a number of potential pitfalls to be remembered when transcribing these consonants:
1)We donât use the letters <c>, <q> or <x> in English phonemic transcription. We donât need them because they are used in English spelling to represent sounds which we already have phonemic symbols for: <c> is a spelling of /k/ and /s/ (e.g. cut, city), <q> is a further alternative spelling of /k/ (e.g. queen), and <x> usually represents /ks/ (e.g. box, extra) or /ÉĄz/ (e.g. exam, exist).
2)We donât use capital letters in phonemic transcription. The symbol for a sound remains the same at the beginning of sentences, names, place-names, etc. (e.g. Tim /tÉȘm/, London /ËlÊndÉn/).
3)The phonemic symbol /s/ is only used for the /s/ sound, but in ordinary spelling the letter <s> is often used for /z/ (e.g. his, these, noise, lose) as well as /s/. You must be careful when transcribing /s/ that the word youâre transcribing really does have /s/, not /z/.
4)The digraphs (two-letter spellings) <ck> and <ph> in words like back and phone represent single phonemes, /k/ in back and /f/ in phone.
5)In English, consonant letters are often doubled even though they represent a single consonant phoneme. For example, in happy, hobby, matter, ladder, stiff, hammer, dinner and hurry, the letters <pp>, <bb>, <tt>, <dd>, <ff>, <mm>, <nn> and <rr> represent single /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /f/, /m/, /n/ and /r/. Sequences of the same phoneme, such as /mm/ in roommate, /dd/ in midday and /nn/ in unnamed, are rare in English words but when they do occur, they are clearly made up of separate word elements (room + mate, mid + day, un + named), each contributing one of the phonemes.
6)Naturally, there are no âsilentâ letters in phonemic transcription as there are in normal English spelling. Knit, for example, is transcribed /nÉȘt/, and debt is /det/.
7)We donât use the letter shape <g> in transcriptions. The phonemic symbol for the consonant at the beginning and end of gag is /ÉĄ/. On the subject of symbol shapes, note also that the symbol for the /w/ phoneme has pointed bottoms and that this is also how we write it by hand in order not to confuse it with a similar IPA symbol with rounded bottoms, namely [ÉŻ].
The symbols for vowels are more difficult to learn than those for consonants, so first weâll limit ourselves to these 16 familiar consonants in this and the next chapter before introducing the remaining eight unfamiliar consonants in Chapter 3. This way weâll be able to concentrate on transcribing each of the new vowel symbols without the distraction of any unfamiliar consonant symbols.
1.2 The KIT /ÉȘ/ vowel
The first of the six vowels that weâll be transcribing in this chapter is known as the KIT vowel and has the phonemic symbol /ÉȘ/, a small version of the capital letter <I> which is the same height as the letters <a c e m n o r s u v w x z>. Be careful not to make this symbol too tall.
Note that in the Times New Roman font, the [ÉȘ] symbol isnât very satisfactory. The serifs /ËserÉȘfs/, the additional small lines at the ends of the main line, are an essential part of this symbol and should be more prominent. When transcribing by hand, you should give the KIT /ÉȘ/ symbol the shape indicated on page xxii.
In stressed syllables, the KIT vowel /ÉȘ/ is usually spelt with the letter <i> (e.g. lip, tin) and sometimes with <y> (e.g. cyst, gym). It is spelt <e> in England, English and pretty, <ie> in sieve, <o> in women and <u> in busy and business (see Section 2.3 for KIT in unstressed syllables).
Homophones: which, witch /wÉȘʧ/; gilt, guilt /ÉĄÉȘlt/; gild, guild /ÉĄÉȘld/; in, inn /ÉȘn/; Finn, fin /fÉȘn/; sick, sic /sÉȘk/; tic, tick /tÉȘk/.
Transcribe these words with the KIT /ÉȘ/ vowel.
1)big, still, list, film, win, trip, pick, six, give, quick
2)kid, skin, hill, miss, hit, bit, risk, tip, bill, mix
3)sick, split, twin, fit, sit, hip, tin, kill, stick, lift
The key and recordings for all exercises in Part A can be downloaded at paulcarley.com.
1.3 The TRAP /ĂŠ/ vowel
The next vowel is known as the TRAP vowel and its phonemic symbol is /ĂŠ/. This can be tricky to write neatly, so you should practise writing it with a single stroke, starting at the to...