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Collected Tales, Poems, and Other Writings of Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe, Carl Ostrowski, Carl Ostrowski
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eBook - ePub
Collected Tales, Poems, and Other Writings of Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar Allan Poe, Carl Ostrowski, Carl Ostrowski
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This collection brings together more than fifty of Edgar Allan Poe's most important stories, poems, and critical writings, which established him as one of the most distinctive voices in American Literature, in a single accessible volume. Alongside annotated texts of each work, it also includes a complete Reader's Guide to Poe's work to help readers explore the contexts, style, and reception of his writing from his own time to today. An essential resource for students and teachers of Poe, this book includes stories such as 'The Fall of the House of Usher', 'The Tell-Tale Heart', and 'The Purloined Letter' as well as his Gothic narrative poem 'The Raven' and some of his most significant critical writings.
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Informations
PART I
Introduction
CHRONOLOGY OF EDGAR ALLAN POEâS LIFE AND TIMES
1809 | Edgar Poe is born in Boston to actors David and Elizabeth Poe on January 19. He is the coupleâs second son (after William Henry). Elizabeth Poe gives birth to a daughter, Rosalie, in 1810. |
1811 | Upon Elizabeth Poeâs death, the young Edgar Poe is taken in (but not formally adopted) by Richmond, Virginia tobacco merchant John Allan and his wife Frances. |
1815 | Allan moves the family to Great Britain in pursuit of improved business prospects. |
1818 | Poe is educated at a school run by the Reverend John Bransby at Stoke Newington, near London. Poe would later use his memories of this school in writing âWilliam Wilson.â |
1820 | The Allans return to Richmond. In an agreement known as the Missouri Compromise, Missouri is added to the union as a slave state and Maine as a free state, preserving the balance of power between free and slave states in the United States Senate. A geographical boundary line is established between free and slave states. Washington Irvingâs The Sketchbook of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. completes serial publication in New York. |
1823 | President James Monroe announces United States opposition to further European colonialist interference in the New World, a position later codified as the Monroe Doctrine. |
1826 | Poe enrolls at the University of Virginia. He excels at French and Latin, but leaves the university after less than a year. Allan refuses to honor gambling debts Poe had accumulated and generally balks at financing Poeâs education at the levels expected for a member of the Southern gentry. James Fenimore Cooper publishes The Last of the Mohicans. |
1827 | After a break with foster father John Allan, Poe moves to Boston, where he publishes his first book, Tamerlane and Other Poems. He joins the U.S. Army under the name Edgar A. Perry. In November, his company moves to Fort Moultrie, on Sullivanâs Island, South Carolina. Sullivanâs Island is later employed as the setting for his story âThe Gold-Bug.â The first U.S. railroad is chartered. |
1828 | Andrew Jackson, renowned as an Indian fighter and the hero of the Battle of New Orleans (during the War of 1812), is elected to the first of two presidential terms. |
1829 | Poeâs foster mother Frances (Fanny) Allan dies in Richmond. Poe is discharged from the U.S. Army. He publishes a second book of poetry, Al Aaraaf, Tamerlane, and Minor Poems, in Baltimore. |
1830 | Poe is admitted to the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, New York, where he excels in French and mathematics. John Allan remarries. The Indian Removal Act is passed with President Jacksonâs support, beginning the process of the forced removal of Native Americans from their homelands in the Southeast. |
1831 | Supported in part by a subscription list made up of fellow cadets, Poe publishes Poems: Second Edition in New York. Poe is discharged from the U.S. Military Academy and moves to Baltimore, where he lives with paternal aunt Maria Clemm and her daughter Virginia, among others. John Allanâs second wife gives birth, effectively putting to rest Poeâs hopes of receiving a significant inheritance. Nat Turner leads a violent rebellion of slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, causing nationwide panic and outrage. The Confessions of Nat Turner, a pamphlet published in Baltimore, sells tens of thousands of copies. William Lloyd Garrison founds his antislavery newspaper The Liberator in Boston, leading to new visibility for the abolitionist movement. |
1832 | The Philadelphia Saturday Courier publishes a story Poe had submitted to a prize contest, âMetzengerstein.â German physician Johann Spurzheim arrives in the United States for a lecture tour and popularizes the pseudo-science known as phrenology. |
1833 | Poe wins a prize contest sponsored by the Baltimore Saturday Visiter on the strength of several tales he submits, including âMs. Found in a Bottle,â which the newspaper publishes. Slavery is abolished in the British Empire. |
1834 | Poe befriends novelist John Pendleton Kennedy. John Allan dies in Richmond and leaves nothing to Poe. |
1835 | Recommended by Kennedy to publisher Thomas W. White, Poe submits tales to Whiteâs magazine, the Southern Literary Messenger, published in Richmond. White publishes early Poe tales and eventually hires him as editor. |
1836 | Poe marries Virginia Clemm; she is thirteen and he is twenty-seven. Ralph Waldo Emerson publishes the essay âNature,â founding the American Transcendentalist movement. Frenchman Charles Boyen begins lecturing and publishing in New England on the subject of mesmerism, inspiring growing public interest over the next several years. |
1837 | Poe publishes early installments of his novel The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym in the Southern Literary Messenger. Poe and the Messenger part ways. He moves with Maria Clemm (nicknamed Muddy) and Virginia to New York City, which is soon plunged with the rest of the country into an economic depression known as the Panic of 1837. Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes the first edition of Twice-Told Tales. |
1838 | Poe publishes The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym with Harper & Brothers. He moves with Virginia and Muddy to Philadelphia. |
1839 | A science textbook, The Conchologistâs First Book, is published under Poeâs name in Philadelphia. Poe assumes editorial duties with William E. Burtonâs Gentlemanâs Magazine, contributing reviews, poems, and tales. Publishers Lea and Blanchard of Philadelphia bring out the two-volume collection Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow publishes Voices of the Night. |
1840 | Burton and Poe have a falling out, and Poe leaves the Gentlemanâs Magazine. The Washingtonian Temperance Society is founded in Baltimore, part of a growing national movement devoted to abstention from alcohol. |
1841 | Poe joins the staff of Grahamâs Ladyâs and Gentlemanâs Magazine. (George R. Graham had purchased the subscription list of the defunct Gentlemanâs Magazine from Burton.) |
1842 | Virginia experiences the first serious symptoms of the tuberculosis that will eventually claim her. Poe leaves the staff of Grahamâs. |
1843 | Poe submits âThe Gold-Bugâ to a prize contest sponsored by Philadelphiaâs Dollar Newspaper and wins the $100 prize. The story is widely reprinted. |
1844 | Poe and his family leave Philadelphia for New York. Poe joins the staff of the New York Mirror. Samuel Morse sends the message âWhat Hath God Wroughtâ on a telegraph line between Washington, D.C. and Baltimore. |
1845 | âThe Ravenâ appears in January and becomes an immediate international sensation. James Russell Lowellâs biographical-critical article is published in the âOur Contributorsâ series in Grahamâs, further raising Poeâs literary profile. Poe joins the staff of the Broadway Journal and commences a series of attacks on beloved poet Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, accusing the poet of plagiarism. Wiley and Putnam publish two volumes by Poe in their prestigious Library of American Books series, Tales and The Raven and Other Poems. Poe accepts an invitation to deliver an original poem before the Boston Lyceum; the reading and its aftermath compromise Poeâs standing in the literary world. Poe takes over proprietorship of the Broadway Journal. |
1846 | The Broadway Journal ceases publication. Poe is involved in an embarrassing personal scandal that leads to a fistfight with writer Thomas Dunn English. English questions Poeâs sanity and morality in the New York Mirror. Late in the year, notices appear in newspapers soliciting help on Poeâs behalf; the family is in poor financial straits and Virginiaâs health is in decline. |
1847 | Virginia dies on January 30, plunging Poe into depression. Poe wins a libel suit against English and the Mirror. |
1848 | Poe publishes his cosmological treatise Eureka. Sarah Helen Whitman, a widow from Providence, Rhode Island, consents to Poeâs marriage proposal, provided he give up drinking. In the face of resistance from Whitmanâs mother and friends, however, and amid rumors of Poeâs continued intemperance, the relationship ends. A pioneering womenâs rights convention is held in Seneca Falls, New York. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends the U.S.âMexican War, giving the United States vast new swaths of territory in the West. Gold is discovered in Coloma, California, leading to the Gold Rush. |
1849 | Poe continues to publish poems and stories; he also lectures on poetry. He renews acquaintance with a romantic interest from his teenage years in Richmond, the now-widowed Elmira Royster Shelton. He joins the Sons of Temperance in Richmond, pledging to give up drinking. On October 3, he is discovered semi-conscious in the streets of Baltimore and taken to a hospital. He dies on October 7, forty years old. The precise cause of his death remains unknown. On October 9, Rufus Griswold publishes a mean-spirited obituary in the New-York Daily Tribune that paints Poe as brilliant but also arrogant, resentful, mentally unstable, and friendless. Griswold talks Maria Clemm into appointing him Poeâs literary executor. |
1850 | Griswold publishes an edition of Poeâs works; he alters the text of certain letters by Poe to discredit Poeâs character. The forgeries are not discovered until almost a century later by biographer Arthur Hobson Quinn. |
ROMANTICISM AND THE GOTHIC
As the timeline above indicates, Edgar Allan Poe was born in 1809, began his professional writing career in the 1830s, and died in 1849. Traditional literary-historical periodization therefore places him firmly within the Romantic era of American literature, which dates from the 1820s through the onset of the Civil War, in 1861. As practiced by an international cohort of Western writers from the late eighteenth through the mid-nineteenth centuries, Romantic literature characteristically values the mental faculties of imagination and emotion over reason, while embracing a subjective, spontaneous, organic (rather than rule-bound or classicist) approach to art. Romantic writers spiritualize the human relationship with nature, and Romantic literature typically valorizes the claims of the individual in opposition to those of a society seen as corrupt or repressive. A certain strain of British Romanticism also licensed the emergence of radical political energies, and various American Romantic-era writers, such as Margaret Fuller, Lydia Maria Child, and Henry David Thoreau, built political activism into their vision of the writerâs vocation.
In light of these literary and political values, Poe seems to fit uneasily within the Romantic tradition. Poe took a keen interest in science and technology, which were conventionally regarded as antithetical to the realm of imagination. Far from being a source of spiritual redemption, the natural world in Poeâs fiction usually offers humanity sites of peril and gloom. Poe engaged deeply with the ideas of certain rationalist, Enlightenment-era precursors against whose writings many Romantics tended to take an oppositional stance, including seventeenth-century philosopher John Locke and eighteenth-century Scottish common sense philosophers/rhetoricians.1 Far from endorsing individual political liberation, Poe possessed a generally conservative temperament and distrusted average ...