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Exalting Jesus in Leviticus
Allan Moseley, David Platt, Dr. Daniel L. Akin, Tony Merida, David Platt, Dr. Daniel L. Akin, Tony Merida
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eBook - ePub
Exalting Jesus in Leviticus
Allan Moseley, David Platt, Dr. Daniel L. Akin, Tony Merida, David Platt, Dr. Daniel L. Akin, Tony Merida
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Exalting Jesus in Leviticus is part of the Christ-Centered Exposition Commentary series. This series affirms that the Bible is a Christ-centered book, containing a unified story of redemptive history of which Jesus is the hero. It's presented as sermons, divided into chapters that conclude with a "Reflect & Discuss" section, making this series ideal for small group study, personal devotion, and even sermon preparation. It's not academic but rather presents an easy-reading, practical and friendly commentary. The series is projected to be 48 volumes.
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Sous-sujet
Commentaire bibliqueLeviticus
Introduction to Leviticus
Historical and Canonical Setting
The book of Exodus ends with an extended description of where the Lord was to be worshipedâin the tabernacle. The book of Leviticus describes how the Lord was to be worshipedâthrough the sacrificial system. Sacrifices were necessary because sin and impurity were inevitable. In order for the presence of God to be maintained, sin had to be taken away, and Israel had sinned. Even before the covenant stipulations had gone into effect and before the tabernacle had been erected, the Israelites had sinned against the Lord by worshiping a golden calf. How could the people be assured of the continuing presence of holy God in light of the reality of their sin? The worship regulations described in the book of Leviticus answer that question.
Title
The Hebrew title is vayyiqraÊŸ, which means âand he called.â That is the first word of the Hebrew text of the book. In rabbinical literature the title of the book is torat kohanim, which means âinstructions/laws of the priests.â The title in the Greek Septuagint is Leuitikon, which is an adjective meaning âlevitical.â This was surely not intended to refer to the Levites, since the Levites are referred to only once in the book of Leviticus. In Hellenistic times, during which the Septuagint was produced, âLevitesâ meant priests. So the title meant that the book pertains to priestly matters. The Latin translation of that Greek term is Leviticus, from which we get our English title.
Outline
The simplest and perhaps the most helpful outline of Leviticus breaks the book into two divisions, the first theological and the second practical. According to this conception of the book, Leviticus 1â16 pertains to the maintenance of holiness by means of the cult (system of worship), and Leviticus 17â27 pertains to the demonstration of holiness by the people. Expressed another way, chapters 1â16 describe the way of access to God, and chapters 17â27 address the way of living for God (Rooker, Leviticus, 42). That partitioning is not unlike the way some of Paulâs letters may be divided. For example, Romans 1â11 addresses doctrine, and Romans 12â16 addresses application. Ephesians 1â3 is primarily doctrine, and Ephesians 4â6 is primarily application.
A more detailed outline based on the themes of the book is as follows:
Chapters 1â7âExplanations of the rituals of sacrifice (the priestly code)
Chapters 8â10âConsecration of the priests
Chapters 11â16âInstructions regarding the maintenance of purity
Chapters 17â27âExhortations to holiness (the Holiness Code)
James Luther Mays provides an outline that helps to explain the contents of the book by means of a series of theological questions and answers. It is as follows:
- Question: How do sinful and defiled people offer worship to the holy God and maintain fellowship with Him?
- Answer: The rituals of the sacrifices (Leviticus 1â7)
- Question: How will their sacrifices reach God in worship, and how will God reach them?
- Answer: The consecrated mediatorial priesthood (Leviticus 8â10)
- Question: How will the holiness of God dominate and sanctify profane life?
- Answer: The manual of purification (Leviticus 11â16)
- Question: How will people obey God so that holiness becomes a way of life?
- Answer: The laws of holiness (Leviticus 17â27)
The Importance of Leviticus
Perhaps this is the most basic question to answer regarding the book of Leviticus. Many Christians have had the experience of committing themselves to read through the Bible, so they begin with the dramatic narratives of Genesis and continue with the spectacular miracles of Exodus. They read along swimmingly until they arrive in Leviticus where they begin to bog down in molasses. They read about sacrifices that are no longer offered, a priesthood that no longer exists, and laws we are no longer obligated to obey. Leviticus describes all of that and more in tedious detail, so some people ask, âWhy is all this in the Bible, and what does it mean for contemporary Christians?â Leviticus is challenging, but what if the result of studying Leviticus is that in future years every time we read Leviticus we see powerful truths about God and ourselves that will profoundly affect the way we think and live? What if we see how Jesus is exalted in Leviticus? Such outcomes are possible, and they are the goals of this book. Allen P. Ross writes, âLeviticus was and is one of the most important books of the Old Testamentâ (Holiness to the Lord, 15). Why would he write that? Leviticus is important for at least five reasons:
- Leviticus describes the entire religious system of ancient Israel. If we hope to understand how religion worked in Israel, we must understand the book of Leviticus.
- Leviticus provides the theological foundation for the atoning work of Christ. The idea of a substitutionary sacrifice receives its fullest explication in the book of Leviticus.
- Leviticus demonstrates how important holiness is to God. Holiness is the main theme of LeviticusâGodâs holiness and the holiness God expects from His people. Holiness is still important to God, and God reminds His people of that crucial fact in the book of Leviticus.
- Leviticus is a record of the words of God in direct speech with His servant Moses. The book opens with the statement, âThe Lord summoned Moses and spoke to himâ (1:1). The book states 38 times that the Lord spoke to Moses and/or Aaron. Also, 18 times the book records that the Lord âcommandedâ Moses, Aaron, and the people. Leviticus is important because it contains the very words of God in direct speech.
- The New Testament frequently alludes to the contents of Leviticus. At numerous points New Testament writers seem to have assumed knowledge of Leviticus, and readers of the New Testament need this knowledge to understand what the writer was describing. For example, none of the following practices are explained by the New Testament writers: purification after childbirth, washing after the healing of a leper, journeys to the festivals in Jerusalem, and separation from the Gentiles in eating. All these find their origin in the book of Leviticus, and these practices were so ingrained in the thinking of first-
century Jews that they needed no explanation. If modern people are to understand such practices, they should be familiar with the contents of the book of Leviticus.
The book of Leviticus has had more impact on Judaism than any other book in the Old Testament. Over half the commentary of the Talmud, the document that is the basis for rabbinic law, is concerned with the book of Leviticus. This influence of Leviticus on Judaism continued even after the destruction of the temple in AD 70 (Rooker, Leviticus, 22). That is remarkable in light of the fact that Leviticus primarily concerns the execution of worship in the tabernacle and the temple. For centuries the rabbis taught the Hebrew language to their students by having their students memorize much of the book of Leviticus in Hebrew, perhaps concurrently learning how to translate it (Alexander, âHow Did the Rabbis Learn Hebrew?,â 80). Why wouldnât contemporary Christians be highly interested in a book so influential in the ancient world and so much a part of the foundations of our faith?
Authorship
Leviticus nowhere contains a claim of authorship. However, the book consists of Godâs personal revelations to Moses, which strongly implies that Moses wrote the book. Elsewhere, the Old Testament refers to Mosesâ authorship of the Law, which includes Leviticus (e.g., 1 Chr 15:15; 22:13; 2 Chr 23:18; Ezra 3:2; Neh 1:7; Mal 4:4). All four of the Gospel writers refer to Mosesâ authorship of the Old Testament Law (e.g., Matt 8:4; Mark 12:26; Luke 24:27; John 1:17). The Gospel of Luke refers specifically to a passage in Leviticus and states that it is from Moses (Luke 2:22). The apostle Paul quoted Leviticus 18:5 and wrote that it was from Moses (Rom 10:5). All four of the Gospels record that Jesus Himself referred to Mosesâ authorship of the Law (Matt 19:7-8; Mark 10:3,5; Luke 24:44; John 5:46-47; 7:19), and Jesus specifically referred to laws in Leviticus as from Moses (Matt 8:4; Mark 1:44; Luke 5:14). Since Jesus is omniscient and spoke infallibly, for followers of Jesus the identity of the author of Leviticus is settled: Moses wrote the book.
Interpreting and Applying Old Testament Law
One challenge in applying the book of Leviticus in practical ways is that we do not know how to interpret it well. A brief description of a Christian method of interpreting Old Testament law could be helpful. Many Christians divide the laws in the Old Testament into three categories: ceremonial laws, civil laws, and moral laws. Ceremonial laws have to do with rituals regarding worship, leadership of worship, and preparation for worship. Jesus made the Old Testament ceremonial system obsolete when He became our high priest and the final sacrifice for sin (Heb 8:13; 9:11â10:18). Also, the civil laws no longer apply to us in the new covenant age, since their purpose was to govern the society of Israel during the period of the old covenant. It is clear, however, that the moral laws of the Old Testament still apply to us, since most or all of them are repeated in the New Testament.
Thus, such a division of Old Testament laws into three categories can be helpful. However, we must admit that such categories are extraneous to the Bible. Furthermore, even though new covenant believers are not required to obey old covenant ceremonial and civil laws, canât such laws teach us something about God? God gave the laws, after all. He gave them to His people in a specific place for a specific time, but they are in the Bible and the whole Bible is important. So what do they mean to us today? The following is a simple seven-step method that I have found helpful for interpreting and applying the law.
First, affirm inspiration and helpfulness. Second Timothy 3:16 says,
All Scripture is inspired by God and is profitable for teaching, for rebuking, for correcting, for training in righteousness.
âAll Scripture is inspired by God.â When the apostle Paul wrote that, the New Testament did not exist. He wa...