Pollution and the Death of Man

Francis A. Schaeffer

• Éditeur: Crossway
• Année: 2022
• ISBN:
  9781433576980
• Sujet: Theology & Religion
• Sous-sujet: Christian Theology

Francis A. Schaeffer's Timeless Assessment of a Modern Ecological Crisis

From the time of creation, Godplaced the earth in our care. Since then, humans have had a strained relationship with the ecosystem. We have often misused resources and polluted the water, air, and land. Butif God's plan for redemption includes the earth, we must be good stewards of his creation now. With environmental threats increasing, how should Christians respond?

This classic work by Francis A. Schaeffer looks at modern ecological crises through the lens of theology and Scripture. Renowned for his workin applied philosophy and theology, Schaeffer answers serious philosophical questions about creation and ecology. He concludes that we must returnto a profoundly and radically biblical understanding of God's relationship to the earth, and of our divine mandate to exercise godly dominion over it.

• A Christian Classic: Written by renowned philosopher Francis A. Schaeffer
• Cultural Analysis from a Biblical Perspective: Looks at modern ecological threats through the lens of theology and Scripture
• Educational: Includes appendices on "The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis" by the late American historian Lynn White Jr. and "Why Worry About Nature?" by the late sociologist Richard L. Means

Chapter One

“What Have They Done to Our Fair Sister?”

Some time ago when I was in Bermuda for a lecture, I was invited to visit the work of a young man well-known in the area of ecology. His name was David B. Wingate. He was especially known for his efforts to save the cahow bird from extinction. The cahow is a little larger than a pigeon and breeds only on a very few islands near Bermuda, just off the main island. Wingate struggled for many years to increase the number of these birds.

As we went around visiting the nests, we were talking together about the whole problem of ecology. He told me that he was losing ground in his battle, because the chicks were not hatching in the same proportion as before. If they had continued at the previous rate, he would have been well on his way to success. Instead, he found that fewer and fewer were hatching. What was the reason? To find out, he took an embryo chick from the egg and dissected it. Its tissues were found to be filled with DDT. Wingate was convinced that this accounted for the drop in the hatching rate.

The startling thing about this is that the cahow is a sea-feeding bird; it does not feed anywhere near land—only in the middle of the ocean. So it is obvious that it was not getting its DDT close to shore, but far out in the Atlantic. In other words, the use of DDT on land was polluting the whole area. It was coming down through the rivers, out into the ocean, and causing the death of sea-feeding birds.1

When Thor Heyerdahl made his famous voyage in the Kon Tiki, he was able to use the ocean water quite freely; but he later said when he tried to cross the Atlantic in a papyrus boat, the ocean water was unusable because of the large amount of rubbish.

A man in California very vividly pointed out this serious problem. He erected a tombstone at the ocean-side, and on it he has carved this epitaph:

The ocean born—[he gives hypothetical date]

The oceans died—A.D. 1979

The Lord gave; man hath taken away

Cursed be the name of man.

The simple fact is that if man is not able to solve his ecological problems, then man’s resources are going to die. It is quite conceivable that man will be unable to fish the oceans as in the past, and that if the balance of the oceans is changed too much, man will even find himself without enough oxygen to breathe.

So the whole problem of ecology is dumped in this generation’s lap. Ecology means “the study of the balance of living things in nature.” But as the word is currently used, it means also the problem of the destruction man has brought upon nature. It is related to such factors as water pollution, destructive noise levels, and air pollution in the great cities of the world. We have been reading and hearing of this on every side from all over the world.

Near the end of his life, Darwin acknowledged several times in his writings that two things had become dull to him as he got older. The first was his joy in the arts and the second his joy in nature. This is very intriguing. Darwin offered his proposition that nature, including man, is based only on the impersonal plus time plus chance, and he had to acknowledge at the end of his life that it had had these adverse effects on him. I believe that what we are seeing today is the same loss of joy in our total culture as Darwin personally experienced—in the area of the arts and general life, and in the area of nature. The distressing thing about this is that orthodox Christians often really have had no better sense about these things than unbelievers. The death of “joy” in nature is leading to the death of nature itself.

In the 1960s and early 1970s when there was a profound interest in the philosophic basis for life and the problems of life, this sort of anxiety was even being expressed in the area of pop music. The Doors had a song called “Strange Days” in which they asked, “What have they done to the earth . . . to our fair sister?” And they answered: “Ravaged and plundered . . . and dragged her down.”2

At any rate, people everywhere began to discuss what could be done about it. An intriguing article by Lynn White Jr., on “The Historical Roots of Our Ecologic Crisis,” was published in Science magazine.3 White was a professor of history at the University of California at Los Angeles.

In his article he argued that the crisis in ecology is Christianity’s fault. It is a brilliant article in which he argued that although we no longer are a Christian world, but a post-Christian one, nevertheless we still retain a “Christian mentality” in the area of ecology. He said Christianity presents a bad view of nature, and so this is carried over into the present-day, post-Christian world. He based his allegations of a “bad view of nature” on the fact that Christianity taught that man had dominion over nature and so man has treated nature in a destructive way. He saw that there is no solution to ecological problems—any more than there is to sociological problems—without a “base.” The base of man’s thinking must change.

In ecology in the 1980s there is not much writing or discussion on the basic philosophies underlying the consideration of ecology. This is parallel to the lack of philosophic pornography, philosophic drug-taking, philosophic films, etc. However, in ecology, as in these other areas, the thought-forms of the 1980s were laid in the earlier period of the 1960s. At that time there was much serious consideration, writing, discussion, and expression concerning the worldviews underlying all these areas.

People are now functioning on the ideas formulated in that earlier period—even though those so functioning do not consciously realize it.

As Christians, we should know the roots in order to know why those who speak and act against Christianity are doing so, and in order to know the strength of the Christian answer in each area. If we do not do this, we have little understanding of what is occurring about us. We also do not know the strength of what, as Christians, we have to say across the whole spectrum of life.

The articles of Lynn White and Richard Means from the later part of the 1960s are, I think, still the classic ones concerning the area of ecology.

Modern man’s viewpoint in the post-Christian world (as I have dealt with in my previous writings) is without any categories and without any base upon which to build. Lynn White understood the need of a base in the area of ecology. To quote him: “What people do about their ecology depends on what they think about themselves in relation to things around them. Human ecology is deeply conditioned by beliefs about our nature and our destiny—that is, by religion.”4 Here I believe he is completely right. Men do what they think. Whatever their worldview is, this is the thing that will spill over into the external world. This is true in every area, in sociology, in psychology, in science and technology, as well as in the area of ecology.

White’s solution was to ask, “Why don’t we go back to St. Francis of Assisi?” He contrasts St. Francis with what he saw as the “orthodox view” of men having the “right” to despoil nature. “The greatest spiritual revolutionary in Western history, Saint Francis, proposed what he thought was an alternative Christian view of nature and man’s relationship to it: he tried to substitute the idea of the equality of all creatures, including man, for the idea of man’s limitless rule of creation.”5

Both our present science and our present technology, according to White, are so tinctured with orthodox Christian arrogance toward nature that no solution for our problem of ecology can be expected from them alone. He said that technology is not going to solve the problem because it is powered with its view of dominion over nature, which equals limitless exploitation.

Since the roots of our trouble are so largely religious, the remedy must also be essentially religious, whether we call it that or not...