eBook - ePub
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Manufacturing
Nondestructive Creation
Girish K. Malhotra
This is a test
Partager le livre
- 310 pages
- English
- ePUB (adapté aux mobiles)
- Disponible sur iOS et Android
eBook - ePub
Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Manufacturing
Nondestructive Creation
Girish K. Malhotra
DĂ©tails du livre
Aperçu du livre
Table des matiĂšres
Citations
Ă propos de ce livre
The book reviews the history of current brand and generic business in pharmaceuticals manufacturing practices. Based on examples, the reader can interpolate, extrapolate and exploit mutual behavior (physical and chemical properties) of chemicals to design and commercialize processes that fulfi ll the demands, also manipulate chemical unit processes and unit operations to reduce/minimize effl uents and lower environmental impact i.e. reduce global warming. Readers will be able to simplify process development, design and commercialize economic manufacturing processes.
Foire aux questions
Comment puis-je résilier mon abonnement ?
Il vous suffit de vous rendre dans la section compte dans paramĂštres et de cliquer sur « RĂ©silier lâabonnement ». Câest aussi simple que cela ! Une fois que vous aurez rĂ©siliĂ© votre abonnement, il restera actif pour le reste de la pĂ©riode pour laquelle vous avez payĂ©. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Puis-je / comment puis-je télécharger des livres ?
Pour le moment, tous nos livres en format ePub adaptĂ©s aux mobiles peuvent ĂȘtre tĂ©lĂ©chargĂ©s via lâapplication. La plupart de nos PDF sont Ă©galement disponibles en tĂ©lĂ©chargement et les autres seront tĂ©lĂ©chargeables trĂšs prochainement. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Quelle est la différence entre les formules tarifaires ?
Les deux abonnements vous donnent un accĂšs complet Ă la bibliothĂšque et Ă toutes les fonctionnalitĂ©s de Perlego. Les seules diffĂ©rences sont les tarifs ainsi que la pĂ©riode dâabonnement : avec lâabonnement annuel, vous Ă©conomiserez environ 30 % par rapport Ă 12 mois dâabonnement mensuel.
Quâest-ce que Perlego ?
Nous sommes un service dâabonnement Ă des ouvrages universitaires en ligne, oĂč vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă toute une bibliothĂšque pour un prix infĂ©rieur Ă celui dâun seul livre par mois. Avec plus dâun million de livres sur plus de 1 000 sujets, nous avons ce quâil vous faut ! DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Prenez-vous en charge la synthÚse vocale ?
Recherchez le symbole Ăcouter sur votre prochain livre pour voir si vous pouvez lâĂ©couter. Lâoutil Ăcouter lit le texte Ă haute voix pour vous, en surlignant le passage qui est en cours de lecture. Vous pouvez le mettre sur pause, lâaccĂ©lĂ©rer ou le ralentir. DĂ©couvrez-en plus ici.
Est-ce que Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Manufacturing est un PDF/ePUB en ligne ?
Oui, vous pouvez accĂ©der Ă Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Manufacturing par Girish K. Malhotra en format PDF et/ou ePUB ainsi quâĂ dâautres livres populaires dans TecnologĂa e ingenierĂa et IngenierĂa quĂmica y bioquĂmica. Nous disposons de plus dâun million dâouvrages Ă dĂ©couvrir dans notre catalogue.
Informations
Chapter 1 History of pharmaceuticals
We try to remember that medicine is for the patient. We try never to forget that medicine is for the people. It is not for the profits. The profits follow, and if we have remembered that, they have never failed to appear. The better we have remembered it, the larger they have been.â George W. Merck Time Magazine August 19, 1952 [1]
1.1 History of pharmaceuticals: their evolution
Going through history, growth and development of the pharmaceutical industry is fascinating from seventeenth century onward. We get to see how various companies will have meaning to history buffs. However, to the current generation, it would be how some companies have appeared and how their names got changed through mergers, demergers, truncations, and change of vision. A short history of some of the companies is presented. Some of the recent mergers (last 5 years) are not included.
1.1.1 Beginning
Different botanical plants were used for remedies of various ailments. Companies started offering soaps, skin care, and distinctive medications for different common diseases. A close look at the companies involved presents an interesting journey. Pharmaceutical industryâs current form really started to take place around late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries [2, 3, 4]. Wikipedia has been an excellent source of most of the citations. Table 1.1 is a brief compilation of evolution of the pharmaceutical companies. It is difficult to go into the detailed history of each company. The following narrative is an extremely brief summary. Included references are just âtip of the iceberg.â Books can be written about each companyâs history.
Company | Current name |
---|---|
Glaxo Smith Kline Beecham Wellcome Research Labs | GlaxoSmithKline |
Merck Schering Plough | Merck |
Pfizer American Cyanamid (Lederle Labs) Warner Lambert Parke Davis Upjohn Wyeth Pharmacia King Pharmaceuticals Hospira G. D. Searle | Pfizer |
Bayer AG | Bayer |
Merck KGaA Schering | Merck KGaA |
Eli Lilly | Eli Lilly |
Abbott Labs | Abbott |
AbbVie | |
Imperial Chemical Industries (Zeneca) Astra | Astra-Zeneca |
Bristol Myers Squibb | Bristol Myers Squibb |
Ciba Geigy Sandoz | Novartis |
Hoffmann-La Roche | Roche |
Johnson & Johnson | Johnson & Johnson |
Boots | Walgreens |
Boehringer Ingelheim | Boehringer Ingelheim |
Sanofi | Sanofi |
Aventis | |
Novo-Nordisk |
It is interesting to note that some of these companies got their start as a dye and fine chemical business in the seventeenth century. Researchers found that many of the chemicals could selectively kill bacteria, parasites, and disease-causing microorganisms. With evolution of synthetic organic chemistry, chemists were able to convert many of the coal tar based raw materials to disease curing medicines. Their businesses grew to serve the ever-growing needs of the global population. Development of petroleum-based chemicals, continuous learning, and advances of organic chemistry synthesis facilitated the growth of the pharmaceutical industry. A walk through the major companyâs evolution is a fascinating journey and worth a review as it tells us about their roots. One fact that dominates and it is not widely recognized is that a majority of the small-molecule disease-curing compounds (active pharmaceutical ingredients, API) are organic fine and specialty chemicals and their salts that kill disease-causing bacteria. If they did not have a disease-curing value, they could be an additive of some other values.
An important aspect that cannot be forgotten is that the manufacturing practices used in fine/specialty chemicals found use and value for the manufacture of disease-curing molecules. A need to to develop specific manufacturing practices for API was never an issue as these molecules could be easily synthesized in the equipment that was available and used to manufacture other similar organic molecules.
1.1.2 GlaxoSmithKline
Roots of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) [5] go back to 1873. Joseph Nathan founded a trading company, Joseph Nathan and Co., in New Zealand. Due to excess milk being produced on the dairy farms, it started producing dried milk in 1904 and sold it under the name âDefiance.â They tried to name the product âLactoâ but their trademark was denied. They changed Lacto to Glaxo. It was sold under the slogan âGlaxo builds bonny babies.â Due to vitamin A deficiency, they sold cod liver oil as a supplement. Its first pharmaceutical product was vitamin D. It was extracted from cod liver oil and sold.
Glaxo Laboratories was incorporated as a subsidiary of Joseph Nathan and Co. in the United Kingdom in 1935. However, in 1947 shareholders bought out Joseph Nathan and Co. and reorganized the trading company to make Glaxo, the parent company.
Glaxo acquired Allen & Hanburys [6] in 1958. Glaxo bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978. It expanded its activities in the US market. In 1983, the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to Research Triangle Park and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in North Carolina.
Burroughs Wellcome & Company [7] was founded in 1880 in London by the American pharmacists Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs. In 1902, the Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories was established. In the 1920s, Burroughs Wellcome established research and manufacturing facilities in Tuckahoe, New York. It served as the US headquarters until the company moved to Research Triangle Park in North Carolina in 1971. The Nobel Prize-winning scientists Gertrude B. Elion and George H. Hitchings invented drugs such as mercaptopurine [Figure 1.1], which is used for cancer and autoimmune diseases, and are still used many years later.