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Shiloh
The Battle That Changed the Civil War
Larry J. Daniel
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eBook - ePub
Shiloh
The Battle That Changed the Civil War
Larry J. Daniel
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The battle of Shiloh, fought in April 1862 in the wilderness of south central Tennessee, marked a savage turning point in the Civil War. In this masterful book, Larry Daniel re-creates the drama and the horror of the battle and discusses in authoritative detail the political and military policies that led to Shiloh, the personalities of those who formulated and executed the battle plans, the fateful misjudgments made on both sides, and the heroism of the small-unit leaders and ordinary soldiers who manned the battlefield.
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Informations
Sujet
HistorySous-sujet
American Civil War HistoryNotes
Abbreviations
ADAH Alabama Department of Archives and History
CHS Chicago Historical Society
DU Duke University
EU Emory University
FC Filson Club
GPL Greenville Public Library
HL Huntington Library
ILSL Illinois State Library
INHS Indiana Historical Society
IOSHD Iowa State Historical Department
LC Library of Congress
LHA Louisiana Historical Association
LSU Louisiana State University
LU Lambuth University (Memphis Conference Archives)
MDAH Mississippi Department of Archives and History
MHC Michigan Historical Collection
MHS Missouri Historical Society
NA National Archives
NEMMA Northeast Mississippi Museum Association
NPS National Park Service
OHS Ohio Historical Society
ONR Official Naval Records
OR Official Army Records
PL Pogue Library Special Collections
SHC Southern Historical Collection
SHSIO State Historical Society of Iowa
SNMP Shiloh National Military Park
TSLA Tennessee State Library and Archives
TU Tulane University
UAF University of Arkansas, Fayetteville
UM University of Mississippi
UMEM University of Memphis
US University of the South
USMHI United States Military History Institute
WRHS Western Reserve Historical Society
YU Yale University
One: The Capitals
1See âHermesâ column of January 1, 1862, in Charleston Mercury, January 4, 1862; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, pp. 385-86; Howard Jones, Union in Peril, pp. 45, 90.
2Charleston Mercury, January 6, 1862; Hudson Strode, Jefferson Davis, vol. 2, p. 189; William C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, pp. 263-64, 360, 391-92; Archer Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy, pp. 13-15.
3Belle Becker Sideman and Lillian Friedman, eds., Europe Looks at the Civil War, pp. 100-106; Thomas Bragg Diary, January 1, 1862, SHC; Earl Schenck Miers, ed., A Rebel War Clerkâs Diary, p. 63.
4William C. Davis, The Deep Waters of the Proud, p. 150; McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom, p. 386.
5OR, vol. VI, p. 829; Archer Jones, Confederate Strategy from Shiloh to Vicksburg, pp. 16-17, 19-21, 25; Dunbar Rowland, ed., Jefferson Davis, Constitutionalist, vol. 5, p. 216; Jones, Civil War Command and Strategy, p. 143.
6Nathaniel C. Hughes, Jr., ed., Liddellâs Record, p. 41.
7Charles Roland, Albert Sidney Johnston, pp. 12, 170, 259-60; Steven E. Woodworth, Jefferson Davis and His Generals, pp. 46-51.
8These flaws included his âoverly gentle nature,â his inability to âgrasp more than one area of thought at a time,â and the fact that he was âeasily swayed by subordinatesâ (Richard McMurry, Two Great Rebel Armies, pp. 120-21). Thomas Connelly, James Lee McDonough, and Benjamin Cooling concluded that Johnstonâs past did not merit his public acclaim. Charles Roland and Steven Woodworth assert that Johnston had peer respect, a good military record, and many honors. (Connelly, Army of the Heartland, pp. 60-62; McDonough, Shiloh, p. 29; Cooling, Forts Henry and Donelson, p. 29; McMurry, Two Great Rebel Armies, p. 178; Woodworth, Davis, pp. 46, 48-49.)
9Joseph E. Johnston, for example, had commanded only four companies in combat prior to the war (Craig L. Symonds, Joseph E. Johnston, p. 101).
10Woodworth, Davis, pp. 49-50.
11Linda L. Crist, ed., The Papers of Jefferson Davis, vol. 7, p. 351; OR, vol. VII, pp. 351, 452-53, 784, 796; W. C. Davis, Jefferson Davis, p. 396.
12McMurry, Two Great Rebel Armies, pp. 147-48; OR, vol. VII, pp. 792, 796.
13Roland, Johnston, pp. 283-84; OR, vol. VII, pp. 792-94, 809. Johnstonâs estimate of Buellâs strength was accurate. On January 23, 1862, Buell reported 72,502 troops and 148 artillery pieces (OR, vol. VII, p. 563; Richmond Examiner, January 31,1862).
14Miers, ed., Rebel War Clerkâs Diary, p. 65; James D. Richardson, ed., The Messages and Papers of Jefferson Davis and the Confederacy, vol. 2, p. 210; Bragg Diary, January 6, 1862, SHC. Connelly and John Deberry deduced that Johnston âbadly informed the Richmond authoritiesâ as regards his strength (Connelly, Army of the Heartland, p. 93; Deberry, âConfederate Tennessee,â Ph.D. dissertation, p. 150).
15Hughes, ed., Liddellâs Record, pp. 41-43.
16Woodworth, Davis, p. 70; OR, vol. IV, pp. 371, 819; vol. VI, p. 819. Roland concluded: âBut Johnstonâs efforts [at concentration] had been futile because Confederate authorities were unwilling at the time to strip other departments to strengthen Johnstonâs line. Had his earlier calls been heeded, the present crisis [Fort Donelson] might not have been upon the South.â (Roland, Johnston, p. 302.)
17Hughes, ed., Liddellâs Record, pp. 45-46.
18Bragg Diary, January 23, 1862, SHC; OR, vol. VII, pp. 844-45. The name âSomersetâ is used because that is how Confederate officials and the Southern press referred to the battle, but the most commonly used name today is âMill Springs.â The town of Somerset was actually eight miles from the battlefield.
19Bragg Diary, January 23, 1862, SHC; OR, vol. VII, p. 102. Crittendenâs division withdrew to Monticello, Kentucky, and thence to Gainesville, Tennessee.
20Richmond Examiner, January 24, 1862; Roland, Johnston, p. 282; R. Gerald Mc-Murty, âZollicoffer and the Battle of Mill Springs,â p. 313. Confederate troops remaining in eastern Tennessee included about 1,500 men at Cumberland Gap and perhaps nine and a half regiments scattered throughout the region (OR, vol. VII, pp. 749-50, 786, 800; vol. LII, pt. 2, p. 262).
21OR, vol. VII, pp. 844-45. Two Tennessee regiments experienced a high number of desertions on the retreat, and one cavalry battalion virtually melted away (Connelly, Army of the Heartland, p. 99).
22Charleston Mercury, January 28, 1862 (article written January 25); Bragg Diary, January 31, 1862, SHC.
23Bragg Diary, January 24, 1862, SHC; Charleston Mercury, January 30, 1862 (article written January 27); February 1, 1862 (article written January 29); Nashville Gazette, January 26, 1862; Southern Confederacy, January 29, 1862; Mobile Advertiser & Register, February 2, 1862; OR, vol. VII, p. 850.
24OR, vol. VII, p. 108. The thesis of numbers versus leadership in the west was proposed by Albert Castel, âThe Historian and the General,â pp. 54-55. See also Connelly, Army of the Heartland, pp. 117, 120-21; William E. Jamborsky, âConfederate Leadership and Defeat in the West,â p. 53; Woodworth, Davis, pp. 61, 63, 69-70; McMurty, âZollicoffer,â pp. 303, 307; Parks, âZollicoffer,â pp. 346-55. Crittenden claimed that he could not recross his troops to the south bank of the Cumberland River prior to the battle because of swollen rivers and inadequate transportation. Following his defeat, however, the division broke all speed records in recrossing in a single night.
25Charleston Mercury quoted in Southern Confederacy, January 29, 1862; OR, vol. VII, p. 849. See also Augusta Constitutionalist, January 26, 1862.
26McMurry, Two Great Rebel Armies, pp. 121-22-, Mobile Advertiser & Register, February 8, 1862; Woodworth, Davis, pp. 74-76; J. Cutler Andrews, The South Reports the Civil War, p. 102.
27Woodworth, Davis, p. 77; Bragg Diary, January 31, 1862, SHC; Larry J. Daniel, ââThe Assaults of the Demagogues in Congress,ââ p. 333n; Miers, e...