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Pathology: General
Aiman Zaher
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eBook - ePub
Pathology: General
Aiman Zaher
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Ă propos de ce livre
Quick reference to Pathology, the basic cellular response to injuries, with succinct definitions ensuring this guide covers in 6 pages what you would usually find in 30 pages or more. This can be combined with the companion guides Pathology Systemic 1 and 2, putting these concise 6 page guides together for a solid 90 pages of information in 18 pages.
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Informations
Sujet
MedizinSous-sujet
PathologieEnvironmental & Nutritional Disorders
Mechanical Injury
- Varied causes (e.g., sharp objects, bullets)
- Produces tissue damage
- Possible death due to renal failure, septic shock, ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm, and pulmonary embolism
- Skin and soft tissue injuries
- Incision: A clean cut by a sharp object
- Abrasion or scrape: Superficial tearing of the skin
- Laceration: A jagged tear, which usually extends to the underlying tissue
- Puncture: A deep, tubular wound
- Contusion: A bruise caused by injury to the blood vessels of the skin, organs, or both
- Blunt force injuries
- Head injury: Brain damage due to direct external injury or intracranial hemorrhage; brain contusion at the point of impact (coup injury) or on the opposite side of the brain (contrecoup injury)
- Abdominal injury: Rupture of abdominal organs (e.g., spleen, liver) and contusion
- Thoracic injury: Rib fracture, pneumothorax, and lung injury
- Clots formed from hemorrhage by blunt force injuries may lead to embolism and/or infarction
Thermal Injury
- Thermal injury from heat
- Classification
- First-degree burns (partial-thickness burns)
- Hyperemia without significant epidermal damage
- Generally heal without intervention
- Second-degree burns (partial-thickness burns)
- Blistering and destruction of the epidermis
- Slight damage to underlying dermis
- Generally heal without intervention
- Third-degree burns (full-thickness burns)
- Damage to the epidermis, dermis, and dermal appendages
- Skin and underlying tissue often charred and blackened
- Often require skin grafting
- First-degree burns (partial-thickness burns)
- Superficial burns
- First- and second-degree burns
- Epithelium can regenerate
- Deep burns
- Third-degree burns
- All of the epithelium destroyed; dermis and appendages damaged
- Heal by scarring
- Complications
- Inhalation of smoke or toxic fumes
- Severe dehydration
- Curling ulcer: Acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns
- Infection: Common cause of death in burn victims; most frequent organism is Pseudomonas aeruginosa
- Classification
- Thermal injury from cold and freezing
- Pathogenesis: Vasoconstriction leads to endothelial damage with thrombosis and ischemia
- Frostnip: Prolonged immersion in cold leads to endothelial damage with edema and swelling due to leakage of fluid
- Frostbite
- May be localized and usually affects exposed areas (fingers, toes, earlobes, nose)
- Effects of severe, prolonged frostbite
- Erythema and pruritus
- Intracellular ice crystals
- Intravascular thrombosis
- Possible local gangrene
- May be generalized; leads to death
Electric Injury
- Electric current passes through an individual and electric circuit completed
- Mortality caused by current passing through the brain or heart
- Morbidity
- Respiratory diseases
- Cardiac arrest and arrhythmias
- Small cutaneous burns with blister (vesicle, bulla) formation at point of entry or exit of the electric current
- Burns may be severe
Radiation Injury
- UV radiation injury
- Mostly sun damage to skin and eyes
- Mechanism: Absorption of UV light by DNA causes DNA fractures or changes in sequences
- Damage increases with increased UV exposure
- Increased melanin is protective (diminishes the amount of UV absorption)
- Acute injury of skin
- Sunburn (first-degree burn)
- Delayed vascular dilation causes erythema
- Often superficial desquamation
- Severe cases have blister formation
- Chronic injury of skin
- Collagen and elastic tissue damage
- Epithelial changes
- Cosmetic damage: wrinkling
- Precancerous lesions: actinic keratosis
- Cancerous lesions: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
- Genetic predisposition: The effect of UV radiation injury will be exaggerated by genetic disorders (e.g., xeroderma pigmentosum)
- Defect in DNA repair mechanisms causes sensitivity to UV light
- Results in many skin conditions: scales and crusts, atrophy, poikiloderma, freckles (ephilides), actinic keratosis, early skin cancers
- Treatment: protect from or avoid UV light
- Ionizing radiation injury
- Mechanism
- Exposure to short-wavelength, high-frequency radiation
- High- and low-dose therapeutic, occupational, and diagnostic X-rays and Îł-rays
- Particulate radiation: electrons, protons, and neutrons
- Radioactive waste, nuclear disasters, atomic bomb radiation
- Transfer of energy to molecules through ionization
- Molecules are reactive and capable of damaging cells
- Toxic free radicals affect vital cell components (DNA, intracellular membranes, cell membranes, other cellular organelles)
- Damage to the DNA
- Direct action (hit) on vital molecule
- Indirect action: ionization of water can produce free radicals, which leads to damage to vital molecules
- Damage repairable but very slow
- Damage dependent on the total dose, rate of delivery, and type of tissue irradiated
- Exposure to short-wavelength, high-frequency radiation
- Repair: DNA has the ability to repair itself
- Radiosensitivity of specialized cells
- Most susceptible: tissues with a high mitotic rate, rapid turnover, or both
- Earliest blood cells to be affected: lymphocytes
- Most sensitive (regularly and actively divide): lymphoid, hematopoietic, germ, GI mucosal, and rapidly dividing tumor cells
- Intermediately sensitive: fibroblasts and cells of the endothelium, elastic tissue, salivary glands, and eye
- Resistant (division ceases after fetal development): cells of bone, cartilage, muscle, CNS, kidney, liver, and most endocrine glands
- Role of distribution and dosage in the effect of ionizing radiation
- 50 Gy (5000 rad) to any one body region
- No severe or lethal consequences
- May be minor changes; therapeutic irradiation to the jaw may cause obliterative endarteritis to the salivary glands and bone
- 3 Gy (300 rad) to the whole body leads to up to 50% chance of death
- 10 Gy (1000 rad) to the whole body leads to 100% chance of death
- 50 Gy (5000 rad) to any one body region
- Localized ionizing radiation i...
- Mechanism