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Revelation 1-3 in Christian Arabic Commentary
John's First Vision and the Letters to the Seven Churches
BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«, Ibn KÄtib QayáčŁar, Stephen J. Davis, T.C. Schmidt, Shawqi Talia, Stephen J. Davis, T.C. Schmidt, Shawqi Talia
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eBook - ePub
Revelation 1-3 in Christian Arabic Commentary
John's First Vision and the Letters to the Seven Churches
BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«, Ibn KÄtib QayáčŁar, Stephen J. Davis, T.C. Schmidt, Shawqi Talia, Stephen J. Davis, T.C. Schmidt, Shawqi Talia
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The first publication in a new seriesâChristian Arabic Texts in Translation, edited by Stephen Davisâthis book presents English-language excerpts from thirteenth-century commentaries on the Apocalypse of John by two Egyptian authors, B?lus al-B?sh? and Ibn K?tib Qas.ar. Accompanied by scholarly introductions and critical annotations, this edition will provide a valuable entry-point to important but understudied theological work taking place at the at the meeting-points of the medieval Christian and Muslim worlds.
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CHAPTER
1
BĆȘLUS AL-BĆȘSHÄȘ ON REVELATION 1â3
CHRISTOLOGY AND CHRISTIAN-MUSLIM ENCOUNTER
Shawqi Talia and Stephen J. Davis
The book of Revelation has not been received with the same enthusiasm as the other books of Scripture. It has been the least-read canonical book in the history of the church, and yet at the same time it has captured the imagination of many who have attempted to decipher its meaning. Like much apocalyptic literature, its style is obscure, its language is difficult, and its visions are mysterious. As mentioned in the introduction, the early church produced only a small handful of ancient commentaries on the Apocalypse, and as a result this literature has not been a favored subject for scholarship.
Only two Arabic-language commentaries on the Apocalypse of John associated with specific authors have come down to us from the medieval period, both written in the thirteenth century by Christians from Egypt.1 The author of the earlier and shorter of these two commentaries is BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«, who wrote the text sometime prior to his death circa 1250 CE. The second and longer of the two commentaries was written perhaps a decade or two later by Ibn KÄtib QayáčŁar, who occasionally cites sections of BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«âs work. This chapter provides a brief introduction to BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«âs commentary.
The Life and Works of Bƫlus al-Bƫshī
Sources for the life of BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ« are very scant. The date of his birth is obscure but may be assumed to have taken place around 1170â75 CE. He hailed from the town of BĆ«sh in Middle Egypt, just north of modern-day Beni Suef. He probably studied for the priesthood at one of the monasteries in al-FayyĆ«m, since we know that his friend DÄwĆ«d ibn YĆ«áž„annÄ al-FayyĆ«mÄ« also pursued his religious studies there.2 Unfortunately, there are no historical sources that shed any light on the date of BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«âs ordination or of the many works he produced. There are a number of references to him and his writings in the works of other Copto-Arabic writers, but they tell us nothing about his life.3
The first time we hear BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«âs name is in reference to the controversy surrounding the election of the new patriarch of the Coptic church following the death of Patriarch John VI (fl. 1189â1216 CE). The History of the Patriarchs of the Egyptian Church states that the death of John VI precipitated a three-way division within the ranks of the Egyptian Christian community. BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ« was one of three church candidates nominated to the vacant see: âSome people preferred the priest BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«, some preferred DÄwĆ«d ibn YĆ«áž„annÄ al-FayyĆ«mÄ« [commonly known as DÄwĆ«d ibn Laqlaq], and some preferred the elder AbĆ« al-Karam, archdeacon of the church al-Muâallaqah in Cairo.â4 The matter was only resolved in DÄwĆ«d al-FayyĆ«mÄ«âs favor nineteen years after John VIâs death, when he and his supporters made payments to the Sultan to secure his election, which took place on June 17, 1235 CE.5
DÄwĆ«d al-FayyĆ«mÄ« took the patriarchal name, Cyril III, and while in office he continued to offer special favors in exchange for benefits, otherwise known as the practice of simony (Arabic, al-sharáčĆ«niyyah), which caused great indignation among the Egyptian clergy.6 In response to these abuses, a synod composed of bishops met on September 8, 1240, to try to curb his behavior. At this synod, BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ« was commissioned as one of two wardens (or guardians) of the church designated to keep an eye on Cyril IIIâs financial dealings and appointments.7 At the same time, BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ« was also ordained bishop of Old Cairo, where he is thought to have served until his death sometime around the middle of the thirteenth century (ca. 1250 CE).8
In addition to his role as church leader, BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ« was a prolific writer. As far as can now be ascertained, over the course of his career, he wrote at least nine works. Only one of these seems to have been written prior to his elevation as bishopâa Book on the Sacrament of Confession (KitÄb al-iâtirÄf), coauthored with DÄwĆ«d al-FayyĆ«mÄ« before the latter became patriarch.9 His other works were all composed during BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«âs time as bishop of Old Cairo. They include a Book of Spiritual Sciences (KitÄb al-âulĆ«m al-rĆ«áž„Äniyyah),10 a Treatise on [the Predetermination of] Lifespan and Sustenance (MaqÄlah fÄ« al-âumr wa-l-rizq),11 a Disputation with Ibn Laqlaq,12 two major theological treatises,13 a collection of eight homilies on the feast days of the Lord,14 and biblical commentaries on Hebrews15 and Revelation.16
As an author, BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ« participated in a renaissance of Copto-Arabic theological writing. Indeed, his near contemporaries were well familiar with his literary output and some of them utilized his works as sources for their own writings. Among them were Ibn KÄtib QayáčŁar, author of the other named Arabic commentary on Revelation; al-RashÄ«d AbĆ« al-Khayr ibn al-áčŹayyib, best known for his Antidote of Understanding;17 and the three famous âAssÄl brothers (al-áčąafÄ«, al-Asâad, and al-Muâtaman), whose exegetical, apologetic, philosophical, and theological works helped transform the cultural landscape of thirteenth-century Cairo.18
Bƫlus al-Bƫshī on Revelation: Authorship and Reception, Biblical Text and Commentary
Authorship and Reception
BĆ«lus al-BĆ«shÄ«âs authorship of the Commentary on the Apocalypse is supported by three kinds of evidence: manuscript witnesses, external testimonies, ...