SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
The following annotated bibliography has been prepared to assist the reader in locating additional Marxist studies on the two principal themes treated in this book: cultural imperialism, and the comic book.
With few important exceptions, most of the material on cultural imperialism in the bibliography comes from the Latin American countries, particularly Cuba. To our knowledge, there are relatively few Marxist analyses from the United States concerning the reactionary effects of the spread of the âAmerican Dreamâ and its related cultural merchandise on the other peoples of the world. However, because of the struggles of these peoples, this is changing, and hopefully this change will be reflected in the quantity and quality of United Statesâ Marxist analyses and actions in the domain of cultural imperialism; for our small part, we would welcome additions to this list, either forthcoming or overlooked.
The word âcultureâ has been understood in the political and broadest sense of the word: it refers to the (mass) communication of all social and economic values which support and shape the word âCultureâ in the limited, capitalist âFine Artsâ sense of the word.
The entries follow standard bibliographic form, and have been arranged alphabetically by author, except when more than one relevant essay appears in a book, magazine, or from a conference; in which case it is listed under the main title, alphabetically. Where a text has been reprinted, we have tried to list it each time, but have only annotated it once.
The abbreviations also follow standard bibliographic notation. However, it should be noted that âU.S.â means the âUnited Statesâ and not âUncle Scroogeâ, whereas the notoriety of some of the other abbreviations, such as CIA, USIA, USIS, USAID, ITT, AP, UPI, ABC, CBS, NBC and RCA, should not require any explanatory note: at this point in history it is well known what they stand for.
The entries have been extracted from the ongoing bibliographic publication Marxism and the Mass Media: Towards a Basic Bibliography, edited by the International Mass Media Research Center, the communications research division of the publisher, International General.
ABEL CASTANO, RamĂłn. La Publicidad: Un Freno al Desarrollo. Bogota: Ediciones Tercer Mundo, 1971. A wide-ranging analysis and description of the manipulative nature of advertising; its development, place, and techniques in the context of capitalist monopoly production, and its role in the retardation of human development. With appendix of statements on the function of advertising by its masters.
âAppareils IdĂ©ologiques dâEtat et Luttes de Classes: Chili 1970â73â Cahiers du CinĂ©ma (Paris), 254â5, Dec. 1974-Jan. 1975, pp. 5â32. An interview with Armand MATTELART by Serge DANEY and Serge TOUBIANA on the ideological apparatuses during the Chilean Popular Unity government from 1970â3; the press, radio, TV, cinema, and education: the âmassâ strategy of the Chilean Right and U.S. imperialism in its fascist use of the cultural apparatus, and the contradictions of the Left in its ideological analyses and political practice in opening up the cultural apparatus to the masses and responding to the enemy.
ASSMANN, Hugo. EvaluaciĂłn de Algunos Estudios Latinoamericanos sobre ComunicaciĂłn Masiva, con Especial Referencia a los Escritos de Armand Mattelart. San Jose, Costa Rica: XI Congreso Latinoamericano de SociologĂa, June 1974. 43 pp. A two-part analysis on the study of mass communications in Latin America: the first is a review and evaluation of the different schools of Latin American mass communications research since the early 1960s and its domination by European and U.S. imperialist values (particularly scientific faith); and the second is an evaluation of the work of Armand and MichĂšle Mattelart (from 1967â1973 in Chile), with a series of formulations calling for the politicization of mass media research values.
AUTORENKOLLEKTIV. Wir machen unsere Comics selber: Erfahrung mit Comics in Unterrichts. Gulner DUVE, ed. Berlin: Basis Verlag, 1974. A textbook for teachers and students on how to make comics so that children will not be dependent on the products of the mass culture industry. In two sections; the first is an analysis of the present comic book industry, and their consumption, ideology and pacifying function in capitalist society; and the second concerns the planning of classes for teaching children how to make their own comics. Many descriptive illustrations.
BARRAUD, HervĂ©; S. De SEDE. âLa Mythologie dâAstĂšrixâ La Nouvelle Critique (Paris), 26, Sept. 1969, pp. 35â40. The ideology of the French comic strip âAstĂšrixâ: the popularity of the comic strip as an extension of the 19th century serial novel, and AstĂšrix as expression of the mythic history and values of eternal French bourgeois morality, law, and order.
BEGLOW, Spartak. MillionĂ€re machen Meinung von Millionen. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag Marxistische Blatter, 1971. A description and analysis of the world-wide capitalist press, radio and TV system, and their interconnections. With a list of 277 trusts, news agencies, and publishers composing the international capitalist network. (Chapter 17 published in English: _____, âThe Press and Societyâ The Democratic Journalist (Prague), 1971, pp. 12â16).
BUHLE, Paul. âThe New Comics and American Cultureâ in: Literature and Revolution, C. Newman and G.A. White, eds. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1973, pp. 367â411. Art, the history of the U.S. comic, and the new underground comics as product and reflection of U.S. culture.
CALVET, Louis-Jean. Linguistique et Colonialisme: Petit TraitĂ© de Glottophagie. Paris: Payot, 1974. The role of language and the study of language and its use in the process of imperialist expansion; linguistic imperialism and its place as part of ideological domination of oppressed peoples; the âsuperiorityâ of colonial language, and the denigration, marginalization, and extermination of the âexoticâ peoples. Contents: The theory of language and colonialism from the 16th thru 19th centuries; dialects in the colonial process; the linguistic traces of colonialism; the colonial discourse on language; and language and national liberation. With a section of specific studies, and bibliography.
CARABBA, Claudio. Il Fascismo A Fumetti. Florence: Guaraldi, 1973. A study and documentation on the fascist comic books produced in Italy from the 1930s to 1944, and certain anti-communist comics from the 1960s and 70s, as seen across the fascist interpretation of history, heroes, colonial conquest, and anti-bolshevism, with the reproduction of three stories; âI Ragazzi di Portoria,â âI Tre di Marcelle,â and âDi unâAltra Razza.â Illustrated, with a list of fascist comic book titles and characters.
CARMO, Alberto. âDoing Business with Latin American Brainsâ The Democratic Journalist (Prague), 6, 1974, pp. 15â18. The importation by imperialist countries, particularly the U.S. of scientists, technicians, and professionals from the Third World.
The Chilean Road to Socialism, Dale L. JOHNSON, ed. Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor, 1973. An anthology of 65 texts, by U.S. and Chileans writers, on all aspects of Chilean development during the Popular Unity government (written and edited before the fascist coup).
Relevant:
POLLOCK, John C.: David EISENHOWER âThe New Cold War in Latin America: The U.S. Press and Chileâ (pp. 71â86). The hostile press coverage in the U.S. of the Popular Unity government as expressed by 6 U.S. daily newspapers during 1970â2, across five general themes: Allendeâs isolation, Left threats to political stability, the responsible positions of the middle and upper classes, the irrational nature of protest against U.S. multi-national corporations, and the aura of crisis around Allende.
HUMBERTO, MĂĄximo. âYankee Television Controlâ (pp. 120â4). The U.S. TV networks ABC, CBS, and NBCâRCA and how each has their role in the U.S. control of Latin American TV and the creation of the mindless consumer.
Cine Cubano (Habana), 4, 63/65, pp. 80â94. three articles on cultural imperialism:
âLa Industria Cultural Seduce al Capital Monopolista Yanquiâ U.S. economic and governmental infiltration into Latin American culture: the work of the advertising, news, and USIA Agencies.
BARAHONA M., HernĂĄn âChile Entre Dos Fuegos: Cine y TVâ U.S. control of Chilean TV and cinema.
âPublicidad Yanqui en las Elecciones Chilenasâ U.S.âfinanced advertising during the Chilean elections.
_____, 66/67, pp. 68â89, 93.
ALMEYDA Clodomiro. âHacer de la TV Intrumento de ElevaciĂłn Moral y LiberaciĂłn Humanaâ The human tasks of the TV in Chilean and Latin American development.
FATRAC (Frente Antimperialista de Trabajadores de la Cultura). âDocumento Denuncia: De CĂłmo USA la MĂșsica como Arma de PenetraciĂłnâ A well-documented report and analysis on the infiltration of Latin American musical and cultural life by the U.S. Wide-ranging and specific, with bibliography.
âCinĂ©ma et Multinationales,â in: Ecran (Paris), 24, April 1974, pp. 38â48.
MATTELART, Armand âHollywood en Vente?â Brief note on the change of ownership in the U.S. film industry from 1968â1972.
GUBACK, Thomas âLe CinĂ©ma U.S.: Un Business International.â
COCKCROFT, Eva. âAbstract Expressionism: Weapon of the Cold Warâ Artforum (New York), XII, 10, June 1974, pp. 39â41. Brief, well-researched article on the U.S. avantgarde art, and its use in support of U.S. Cold War policy and cultural penetration: the interconnected interests of the Museum of Modern Art (NY), the CIA, and the Rockefellers (forthcoming in an expanded version, International General, NY, late 1975).
Communications Technology and Social Policy. G. Gerbner; L. Gross; W.H. Melody, eds. New York: Wiley Interscience, 1973. Anthology, relevant:
NORDENSTRENG, Kaarle; Tapio, VARIS. âThe Non-Homogeneity of the National State and the International Flow of Communicationsâ (pp. 393â412). The historical development of communications and the role of consciousness in a world in transition.
MATTELART, Armand. âMass Media in the Socialist Revolution: The Experience of Chileâ (pp. 425â440). The structure of information power during the Popular Unity government, and the problems confronted by the State Publishing House QuimantĂș in transforming the print media: comics, romance magazines, and the press.
ComunicaciĂłn y Cultura (Santiago de Chile and Buenos Aires), 1, July 1973. First issue of magazine concerned with the role of the mass media and education in the context of Latin American political struggles. Relevant:
BAZIN, Maurice. âLa âCiencia Puraâ Instrumento del Imperialismo Cultural: El Caso Chilenoâ (pp. 74â88). Abstract science and its role as part of cultural imperialism.
MATTELART, Armand. âEl Imperialismo en Busca de la ContrarrevoluciĂłn Cultural: âPlaza SĂ©samo,â PrĂłlogo a la TelerepresiĂłn del año 2.000â (pp. 146â223). An analysis of the creation, organization, and ideological content of the U.S. TV program âSesame Streetâ as a model for the development of future U.S. domination of world education (published separately: _____, same title, Caracas: Universidad Central de Venezuela, 1974. 88 pp.)
_____, (Buenos Aires only), 2, March 1974.
MATTELART, MichĂšle; Mabel PICCINI. âLa TelevisiĂłn y los Sectores Popularesâ (pp. 3â76). The TV and its role during the Popular Unity government: as part of ideological struggle; mass culture, distribution and technological myths; the relations between political vanguard and cultural apparatus; and a far-ranging study on the use and effects of the TV on the Chilean working class, with statements and interviews, and many facts and figures.
NOMEZ, Nain. âLa historieta en el Proceso de Cambio Social: Un Ejemplo de lo ExĂłtico a lo Ruralâ (pp. 109â124). The problem of mass culture and the comic strip in a period of political change, and the experience of the Chilean State Publishing House QuimantĂș.
ACOSTA, Leonardo. âEl Barroco de Indias y la IdeologĂa Colonialistaâ (pp. 125â158). The role and forms of cultural domination as integral part of colonial conquest of Latin America in the 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries.
BARRACLOUGH, SolĂłn. âIdeologĂa y PrĂĄctica de la CapacitaciĂłn Campesinaâ (pp. 159â176). Agrarian development, and the concept of the qualified worker as it is dominated by U.S. criteria.
_____, 3, 1975. 230 pp. Six articles and six documents on the USIA in Latin American and Vietnam; the U.S. satellite program for education in Latin America; governmental mass media policy in Argentina and Peru:
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