Biological Sciences
DNA Profiling
DNA profiling, also known as DNA fingerprinting, is a technique used to identify individuals based on their unique DNA makeup. It involves analyzing specific regions of an individual's DNA to create a genetic profile. This method is commonly used in forensic investigations, paternity testing, and identifying genetic disorders.
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10 Key excerpts on "DNA Profiling"
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 4 DNA Profiling DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Orange Apple(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 4 DNA Profiling ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 1 DNA Profiling DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 6 Introduction to DNA Profiling DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Orange Apple(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 1 Introduction to DNA Profiling DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter 5 DNA Profiling DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- World Technologies(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 3 DNA Profiling Techniques DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA data-bases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 1 DNA Profiling DNA Profiling (also called DNA testing , DNA typing , or genetic fingerprinting ) is a technique employed by forensic scientists to assist in the identification of individuals by their respective DNA profiles. DNA profiles are encrypted sets of numbers that reflect a person's DNA makeup, which can also be used as the person's identifier. DNA Profiling should not be confused with full genome sequencing. It is used in, for example, parental testing and rape investigation. Although 99.9% of human DNA sequences are the same in every person, enough of the DNA is different to distinguish one individual from another. DNA Profiling uses repetitive (repeat) sequences that are highly variable, called variable number tandem repeats (VNTR). VNTRs loci are very similar between closely related humans, but so variable that unrelated individuals are extremely unlikely to have the same VNTRs. The DNA Profiling technique was first reported in 1984 by Sir Alec Jeffreys at the University of Leicester in England, and is now the basis of several national DNA databases. Dr. Jeffreys's genetic fingerprinting was made commercially available in 1987, when a chemical company, ICI, started a blood-testing center in England. DNA Profiling process The process begins with a sample of an individual's DNA (typically called a reference sample). The most desirable method of collecting a reference sample is the use of a buccal swab, as this reduces the possibility of contamination. When this is not available (e.g. because a court order may be needed and not obtainable) other methods may need to be used to collect a sample of blood, saliva, semen, or other appropriate fluid or tissue from personal items (e.g. toothbrush, razor, etc.) or from stored samples (e.g. banked sperm or biopsy tissue).
- Jane Moira Taupin(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
33 chapter three DNA Profiling basics 3.1 What is DNA? Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a complex chemical found in the nuclei of all cells of the human body, except red blood cells. It is considered a genetic blueprint that is responsible for our chemical and physical charac-teristics. Half of an organism’s DNA is inherited from each parent—half from the mother’s egg that is fertilized and half from the father’s sperma-tozoa. Watson and Crick were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1962 for their discovery of the double helix structure of the DNA molecule. Their work was published in Nature (Watson and Crick, 1953). See Chapter 1 for a dis-cussion of the history of DNA Profiling. Each person’s DNA remains the same over his or her lifetime and the composition of the molecule remains the same throughout the body. This is a forensic advantage, because the DNA from a bloodstain at a crime scene can be compared with DNA from a reference saliva swab from a victim or suspect. Traditionally biological fluid typing, known as serology, was used as an investigative technique for solving violent crimes because biological materials are shed during violent acts. For example, blood is commonly found at homicide scenes and semen is found in rape cases. Today, DNA is more discriminating than traditional serology testing and it can be obtained from materials even when it cannot be seen. 3.2 Biological materials allowing DNA Profiling Physiological fluids and biological materials are the most common types of physical evidence found in violent crime cases. The advent of DNA typ-ing for individualization has increased its importance. Before the intro-duction of DNA Profiling, the biological tests used to analyze forensic samples had very low discriminating power. Biological fluids such as blood, semen, and saliva were tested using ABO grouping and enzyme and protein tests that needed reasonable (visible) sample quantities and had low discrimination power.
eBook - PDF- Niamh Nic Daeid, Max Houck(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
It is also our understanding based on past reviews for this symposium, that a more detailed review of hair evidence will be addressed as a separate topic. Biology Evidence Screening The past 20 years have witnessed tremendous leaps in the scientific advancement of the DNA typing field. The advent of modern DNA technology has resulted in the increased ability to perform human identity testing. Forensic laboratories worldwide have been continually investing significant time and resources to develop an automated DNA processing approach to increase the efficiency of extracting DNA from a wide variety of evidence (see Automated DNA Extraction of Biological Evidence). With an increase in the automated extraction of DNA, the rate limiting step becomes the front end or identifying and preparing potential biological evidence for extraction, as well as the back end involving the interpretation and reporting of the results. The technological advancements in the field of forensic body fluid identification have not experienced the same priority or enhancements as that noted for the development of DNA Profiling technology. While progress has been made in some aspects of biological evidence screening, many of the procedures were initially discovered over two centuries ago and were implemented in the past half century in the clinical field prior to adoption for forensic use. Biological evidence screening uses either presumptive or confirmatory tests. The most desirable presumptive test is one that is specific, sensitive and will not hamper the extraction or subsequent amplification of DNA. To date, most biological evidence screening methods (previously considered serological tests) are cost effective and rapid but unfortunately the tests are often inefficient and non-specific.
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