Biological Sciences
Genome Projects
Genome projects involve the mapping and sequencing of an organism's complete set of DNA, known as its genome. These projects aim to identify and understand the genetic makeup of organisms, including humans, plants, and animals. The data generated from genome projects provides valuable insights into the genetic basis of traits, diseases, and evolutionary relationships.
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10 Key excerpts on "Genome Projects"
eBook - PDFHuman Heredity
Principles and Issues
- Michael Cummings(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
15-3 Genome Projects Are an Outgrowth of Recombinant DNA Technology ■ Instead of finding and mapping mark-ers and disease genes one by one, scientists organized the HGP to sequence all the DNA in the human genome, identify and map the thousands of genes to the 24 chromosomes we carry, and assign a function to all the genes in our genome. Thanks to Nail Patella Syndrome Worldwide for the use of clinical photos. Genetics in Practice Summary Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 342 Chapter 15 15-4 Genome Projects Have Created New Scientific Fields ■ The sheer size of the human genome required the development of new technologies, includ-ing automated methods of DNA sequencing and advances in software to collect, analyze, and store the information derived from genome sequencing. The study of genomes by these methods is called genomics. Bioinformatics is the use of software, computational tools, and databases to store, organize, analyze, and visu-alize genomic information. 15-5 Genomics: Sequencing, Identifying, and Mapping Genes ■ Geneticists developed two strategies for genome sequencing. One method, called the map-based method, uses clones from a genomic library that have been arranged to cover an entire chromosome. After the order of the clones is known, they are sequenced. The second method, called whole genome se-quencing, randomly selects clones from a genomic library and sequences them. Once the sequence of the clones is known, assembly software organizes them into the genome sequence.
eBook - PDF- Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E Markle, James C Peterson, Trevor Pinch, Sheila Jasanoff, Gerald E. Markle, James C. Peterson, Trevor J. Pinch(Authors)
- 2001(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
The European Community (and a number of its member states) and Japan set up genome programs (of widely varying sizes and configurations), and an international scientific society, the Human Genome Organization (HUGO), was founded to help coordinate the effort worldwide. The new specialty of genomics emerged, as reflected in a growing research effort, increases in funding, rapid technological change, attendance at scientific meetings, and the birth of new journals (McKusick & Ruddle, 1987). In the United States, the leadership of the effort set the goal of having the complete sequence in hand by the year 2005 at a cost of $3 billion (roughly $200 million per year). The leadership maintains that it is too early to develop detailed plans for accomplishing this goal because it is unclear what tech- nologies will prove most useful. The estimate of $3 billion assumed that technology would improve roughly 100-fold, predicating the whole initi- ative on technical advances. At present, the genomics community is working to develop mapping and sequencing technology. A period of experimentation with various technological approaches is expected to lead to efficient tech- niques and systems for sequencing on a massive scale. By any measure, the genome project is an ambitious undertaking. Using the linguistic metaphors that prevail in the field, genomics researchers sometimes describe the human genome as “a string of text written in a four letter alphabet.”The letters-A, C, G, and T-correspond to the four nucleic acid “bases” of which DNA molecules are composed. The human genome is roughly 3 billion base pairs long, making it an enormous “text” equivalent in length to 1 million printed pages (National Research Council, 1988). To sequence a genome means to identify all of the ‘letters” in the text in order. Mapping a genome means to locate recognizable “landmarks” on the genome that can serve as points of reference.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- The English Press(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 10 Human Genome Project in Molecular Genetics DNA Replication. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute efforts. A working draft of the genome was released in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being published. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera Corporation. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in universities and research centers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli , the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigational projects in modern science. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). Several groups have anno-unced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International Hap Map Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.
eBook - PDFDNA
Promise and Peril
- Linda L. McCabe, Edward R.B. McCabe(Authors)
- 2008(Publication Date)
- University of California Press(Publisher)
C h a p t e r 2 What Is Genomics? Genomes and genomics The century of biology Setting the stage for the Human Genome Project The Human Genome Project Impact of the Human Genome Project So, why genomics? 9 In this chapter we will describe genomics and explore why it developed as a new discipline in science and medicine in the latter part of the twentieth century. Why did genomics capture the imagination of the population and the media so visibly in the early twenty-W rst century? Consideration of the scienti W c development and public visibility of genomics is essential to understanding how all of humankind may be in X uenced by genomics in what is being referred to as the postgenomic era—the period after the sequencing of the initial genomic DNA samples. In this exciting time, the ability to obtain an organism’s DNA sequence is no longer speculative. Sequencing has become a powerful tool not only for biology and medi-cine, but also for the social sciences, such as psychology and anthropology. . . . Genomics is much more than the Human Genome Project; it includes the sequencing of genomes from many bacterial, plant, and animal species. All of these data are essential to understanding the biological matrix in which humans are embedded and the roles humans play as a species and as individuals in this biology. We propose that the sequenc-ing of the genomes of humans and other organisms is rede W ning per-ceptions of the relationship between any individual and other individu-als or groups, as well as the concept of the position of humans in the biosphere. So, then, what is genomics? The origin of the word genome is described by Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary as deriving from the German genom, which represents a compounding of gen (gene) and -om (chro-mosome). Its meaning has evolved from one complete set of chromo-somes to all of the genes on those chromosomes, or one complete set of genes.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter- 6 Human Genome Project DNA Replication. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute efforts. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being published. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera Corporation, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in universities and research centers from the United States, the ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli , the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigative projects in modern science. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). Several groups have announced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International HapMap Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 6 Human Genome Project DNA Replication. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute efforts. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ published. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera Corporation, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in universities and research centers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli , the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigative projects in modern science. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). Several groups have announced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International HapMap Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 13 Human Genome Project DNA Replication The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Genome Research Institute efforts. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being published. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera Corporation, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in universities and research centers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli , the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigative projects in modern science. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). Several groups have announced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International HapMap Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Research World(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 7 Human Genome Project DNA Replication The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute efforts. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being published. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Corporation, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in universities and research centers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli , the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigative projects in modern science. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). Several groups have announced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International HapMap Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- University Publications(Publisher)
________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Chapter- 7 Human Genome Project DNA Replication. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute efforts. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being published. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ Corporation, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in universities and research centers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli , the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigative projects in modern science. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). Several groups have ann-ounced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International HapMap Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- College Publishing House(Publisher)
WT ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter- 6 Human Genome Project DNA Replication. The Human Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with a primary goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint. The project began in 1990 and was initially headed by Ari Patrinos, head of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Science. Francis Collins directed the National Institutes of Health National Human Genome Research Institute efforts. A working draft of the genome was announced in 2000 and a complete one in 2003, with further, more detailed analysis still being WT ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ published. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera Corporation, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in universities and research centers from the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France, Germany, and China. The mapping of human genes is an important step in the development of medicines and other aspects of health care. While the objective of the Human Genome Project is to understand the genetic makeup of the human species, the project has also focused on several other nonhuman organisms such as E. coli , the fruit fly, and the laboratory mouse. It remains one of the largest single investigative projects in modern science. The Human Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human haploid reference genome (more than three billion). Several groups have announced efforts to extend this to diploid human genomes including the International HapMap Project, Applied Biosystems, Perlegen, Illumina, JCVI, Personal Genome Project, and Roche-454.
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