Genetic Manipulation

4 Key excerpts on "Genetic Manipulation"

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  Developments in Plant Genetics

  • Cheryl Natividad(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Genetic Engineering in Plants 3 CONTENTS 3.1. Techniques of Plant Genetic Manipulation ........................................ 74 3.2. Applications of Genetic Engineering In Plants ................................... 97 References ............................................................................................. 153 Chapter Developments in Plant Genetics 74 (From Ciencias Españolas and KoS, Creative Commons License). Animals, plants, and microbes have been modified genetically for centuries now in order to produce desired traits, especially in terms of food production. Such modifications resulted to higher yields, enhanced taste and nutritional value, and increased resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. The earliest method employed by our ancestors is simple selection where individuals with the most desired traits are chosen for continued reproduction. Another method employed is crossing where two individuals with “superior” traits are made to mate and reproduce a hybrid that possesses the traits from both parents. Advances in methodology and techniques employed were made over the years but the principles of selection and crossing remain to be observed (National Academy of Sciences, 2004). Genetic engineering is another method of modifying organisms at the DNA level. It involves introducing an exogenous sequence in order to obtain the desired trait or phenotype. This essentially alters the genetic make-up of the organism. This section will discuss the procedure and application of this technology. 3.1. TECHNIQUES OF PLANT Genetic Manipulation Introducing a gene that does not occur naturally in an organism results to transgenic or genetically-modified organisms (GMO). There are several ways by which a foreign gene is introduced into a plant’s genome. These could either be mediated by biological agents such as bacterial or viral vectors or by non-biological means such as various physical or chemical

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  Genome Targeting for crop Improvement

  • Dipak Gunvanta Ingole(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Thus, conventional breeding techniques may have unforeseen consequences and result in the generation of potentially harmful novel products. 11.6 GMO SITUATION While the terms genetically modified and genetically engineered are frequently used interchangeably in public discourse, they have distinct meanings in the context of the dispute over the use of GMOs in agriculture. Impact of Gene Manipulation 205 In Canada, GM foods are regulated as novel foods under the Food and Drug Act’s section B.28.001 of the Food and Drug Regulations. The laws describe genetic modification as the deliberate alteration of a plant, animal, or microorganism’s inheritable characteristic. This definition is more inclusive than the preceding one, as it encompasses both traditional and novel techniques of modifying the genetic makeup of living organisms and makes no mention of specific technologies. Genetic engineering is a subset of current biotechnology that entails the modification of live organisms’ genomes or genetic material. By directly manipulating the genome of a plant or animal, this approach introduces unique novel features. Historically, genetic engineering has relied on the usage of recombinant DNA, which is created by linking several DNA segments together for the purpose of Genetic Manipulation. Recombinant DNA technology can be used to insert foreign DNA into the genome of a living organism either from the same species or from another. Thus, this approach enables the introduction of particular genes into a commercial crop variety that is already established. Gene editing is a more recent development in genetic engineering. Gene editing is the process of deleting, changing, or adding a specific DNA sequence into the genetic material of an organism. As with recombinant DNA, this technology allows for the incorporation of genetic material into the genome, but it also allows for modifications without the use of foreign DNA.

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  Genetically Modified Foods

  Basics, Applications, and Controversy

  • Salah E. O. Mahgoub(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  59 3 Applications of Genetic Modification at the Laboratory and Greenhouse Levels 3.1 GENETIC MODIFICATION OF PLANTS Although the term “genetic modification” (GM) is widely used today to denote modern biotechnology, or more specifically “genetic engineer-ing” (GE), it can be argued that any human intervention to change the natural genetic make-up of a living organism is regarded as GM. As the records show, thousands of years back (as reflected in Section 2.2.1), farm-ers and scientists have been actively engaged in continuous efforts to improve farm plants and yard animals both quantitatively and qualita-tively. Before the advent of new biotechnologies during the 1970s, a num-ber of techniques have been discovered and used for GM. The following sections highlight and discuss some of these techniques, conveniently referred to by the Institute of Medicine and National Research Council of the National Academies (2004) as “techniques other than GE” or “tech-niques not involving GE.” GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOODS 60 3.2 NONGENETIC ENGINEERING TECHNIQUES (CONVENTIONAL BIOTECHNOLOGY) 3.2.1 Simple Selection As the term “simple selection” implies, this method does not involve complex or many steps, and that what is basically done is choosing from among a population of plants or animals based on exhibiting desirable or superior characteristics. Since the beginning of agriculture, 8000–10,000 years ago, farmers have been altering the genetic make-up of the crops they grow (ISAAA 2005). Early farmers used the simple selection method and it is still in use today. Together with domestication of wild animals, this method is regarded as the oldest and easiest method of GM. Farmers would inspect and identify which of their plants (or animals) look better than the others with respect to the desired characteristics, for example, higher yields, faster growth, superior sensory properties, pest and dis-ease resistance, larger seeds, or sweeter fruits.

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  Environment

  An Interdisciplinary Anthology

  • Eugene Jolas, Andreas Kramer, Rainer Rumold(Authors)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • Yale University Press

    (Publisher)

  4 Biotechnology and Genetically Manipulated Organisms Bt Corn and the Monarch Butterfly The late nineteenth century brought about a revolution in biology: Charles Darwin unveiled the idea of evolution by natural selection, and Gregor Mendel provided insight into the nature of inheritance, giving birth to the science of ge-netics. While these discoveries were profound and startling, human culture had developed the practical application of the mechanisms of selection and genetics for ten millennia. Human manipulation of the genetics of non-human organisms began with the introduction of agriculture 10 , 000 years ago. The first field cul-tivators noticed that particular crosses (hybridization) between plants, especially cereal grains like wheat, provided food that was more reliable and more easily harvested than wild-growing plants. Human cultures have changed the genetics and morphology of plants and an-imals through the process of artificial selection. Well-known examples include dog and cattle breeds and the many varieties of apples. Natural selection is the process through which different individuals survive longer and reproduce more often because they have different genetically controlled characteristics that cause them to thrive in certain environments. Artificial selection can be thought of as the human-driven subset of natural selection: humans determine which individ-uals will survive by deciding which seeds to plant or which animals to breed. These decisions are based on whether the organisms possess characteristics fa-vorable to humans, such as sweeter flavor, greater biomass, or gentler disposi-tion. In fact, in his research leading to The Origin of Species, Darwin spent years observing commercial experiments in artificial selection, especially pigeon breeding. The development of strains of wheat and corn, varieties of fruit, and breeds of dogs, pigeons, and cattle were all accomplished through human genetic manipu-lation before anyone knew what a gene was.

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