Biological Sciences
Endophytes
Endophytes are microorganisms, such as bacteria or fungi, that live within the tissues of plants without causing any apparent harm. They form a symbiotic relationship with the host plant, providing benefits such as enhanced growth, stress tolerance, and protection against pathogens. Endophytes have potential applications in agriculture, medicine, and biotechnology due to their diverse metabolic capabilities and bioactive compounds.
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12 Key excerpts on "Endophytes"
eBook - PDF- Peter, K V(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Daya Publishing House(Publisher)
Chapter 2 Endophytic Microorganisms in Agriculture and Horticulture Pious Thomas Division of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessarghatta Lake, Bangalore – 560 089, INDIA E-mail: [email protected] ; [email protected] By definition, Endophytes are microorganisms which colonize the plants internally without any apparent adverse effects on the host plant (Hallmann et al., 1997; Bacon et al., 2002). They include prokaryotic bacteria and eukaryotic fungi and yeasts. Endophytes are isolated from healthy plants after tissue surface sterilization and they are reportedly present in much low numbers in comparison to the pathogens (Hallmann, 2001). Evidence is now emerging that plants harbor a series of Endophytes in considerable numbers in different organs, and they include both culturable and normally non-culturable organisms (Thomas et al., 2008a, Thomas and Soly, 2009). Endophytes have been isolated from a diverse group of plants and different plant organs, more frequently from roots (Hallmann, 2001; Bacon et al., 2002). Endophytic fungi and bacteria may confer benefits to the plant, and the benefits may be reciprocal, resulting in an enhanced symbiotic system for the plants. There is an emerging interest in Endophytes in view of their potential significance as agents of plant growth promotion, biocontrol, stress alleviation, phytoremediation and as sources of bio-molecules and novel genes (Hallmann et al., 1997; Sturz et al., 2000; Hallmann 2001; Bacon et al., 2002; Ryan et al., 2008). This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. Endophytes are detected in plants growing in tropical, temperate and boreal forests with the hosts ranging from herbaceous plants in various habitats including extreme arctic, alpine and xeric environments to temperate and tropical forests. Vogl (1898) first recorded the presence of Endophytes that revealed a mycelium residing in the seeds of grass Lolium temulentum .
- K.V. Peter(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- NEW INDIA PUBLISHING AGENCY (NIPA)(Publisher)
2 Beneficial Endophytes in Horticultural Crops Pious Thomas Endophytic Microorganisms Endophytes (‘endo’, inside; ‘phyte’, plant) include microorganisms that thrive inside the plant tissues without any obvious adverse effects on the host, and they include mainly bacteria and fungi (Hallmann et al ., 1997; Bacon et al ., 2002; Hardoim, 2015). Endophytic microorganisms share an intimate association with the host adding essential and functional capabilities. Therefore, plant may be considered as a superorganism composed of an amalgam of both selected symbiont microbiota and host cells (Hardoim, 2015) with the new concept of holobiome, i.e ., plant together with the associated microorganisms collectively governing the plant activities (Hardoim et al ., 2015; Vandenkoornhuys et al ., 2015). Endophytic microorganisms are present in almost all the organs of the host plants and in various stages of vegetative development (Hallmann 2001; Hardoim et al ., 2015). These symbionts are known to be recruited by the host plant mainly from surrounding soil through roots and are under direct influence of root exudates (Hardoim et al ., 2015). Soil microorganisms that are competent for the endophytic life style first colonize the rhizoplane ( i.e., the epidermal cells of plant roots) and later a selected fraction of these organisms enter the internal root tissues to become endophytic. Hence, the endosphere community is considered to be a depleted but selected set of rhizospheric microorganisms. Endophytes are also known to enter the plant from the aerial plant parts such as stomata and through wounds (Hallmann, 2001; Hardoim et al ., 2015). Endophytic Roles Plant associated microbes are equipped with traits for efficient nutrient uptake, versatile nutrient metabolism, stress resistance and competitive fitness which 24 Production and Protection of Horticultural Crops apply to the endophytic colonizers too.
eBook - PDFMedicinal Plants
Biodiversity and Drugs
- M. K. Rai, Geoffrey A. Cordell, Jose L. Martinez, Mariela Marinoff, Luca Rastrelli(Authors)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Endophytes The term “endophyte” (Gr. Endon, within; phyte, plant) was first described by De Bary (De Bary 1866) and the first reports describing these microbes date back to the 19th and early 20th centuries (Freeman 1904). One inclusive definition of Endophytes is: “microbes that colonize living, internal tissues of plants, without causing any immediate negative effect” (Bacon and White 2000). Endophytes have been associated with plants for more than 400 million years (Krings et al. 2007) and play an important role in natural ecosystems by promoting plant growth (Lyons et al. 1990, Lu et al. 2000, Wu et al. 2010). It seems that plants infected by Endophytes are often healthier than endophyte-free ones (Waller et al. 2005). This effect is perhaps partly due to the endophytic production of phytohormones (e.g., indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)), cytokines and other substances, such as vitamins, and partly to the fact that Endophytes can increase the plant’s absorption of nutritional elements such as nitrogen (Lyons et al. 1990, Reis et al. 2000, Loiret et al. 2004, Sandhiya et al. 2005) and phosphorus (Gasoni and de Gurfinkel 1997, Malinowski et al. 1999, Guo et al. 2000b) as well as regulate nutritional qualities such as the carbon-nitrogen ratio (Raps and Vidal 1998). Endophytes are also able to enhance the ability of their host plant to resist disease (Clay et al. 1989) and microbial infections (Bacilio-Jimenez et al. 2001, Reiter et al. 2002, Waller et al. 2005), increase the ecophysiology of host plants and enable the plant to counter biotic and abiotic stresses, such as drought Endophytes from Medicinal Plants as Novel Sources of Bioactive Compounds 357 (Arechavaleta et al. 1989, Latch 1993, Bonnet et al. 2000).
eBook - ePub- Maulin P. Shah, Deepanwita Deka, Maulin P. Shah, Deepanwita Deka(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Chapter 10The role of Endophytes to boost the plant immunity
Aveek Samantaa b , Saptadipa Banerjeeb and Siraj Dattaba Prabhat Kumar College Contai, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, Indiab Haldia Institute of Technology, Haldia, Purba Medinipur, West Bengal, India10.1 Introduction
Microorganisms which are present within plant species are called Endophytes (Strobel et al., 2004 ). Plants without Endophytes are rare to find (Partida-Martinez and Heil, 2011 ). Most of the plant cannot exist in nature without Endophytes, and if present, they are found to be more vulnerable to pathogens and environmental stresses (Timmusk et al., 2011 ). In the past years, definition of Endophytes has changed and is expected to become more and more advanced in future. Bary De (1984) introduced the term endophyte for the first time and described it as an organism that can grow inside the plant tissues. Earlier, fungal organisms were alone considered to form Endophytes, but later researchers discovered that bacteria can also be found as Endophytes (Chanway, 2011 ; Hallmann et al., 1997 ). Thus, Endophytes comprise mainly of microorganisms that reside inside the plants for some part or their entire life cycle. Plants share their environment with a diverse group of organisms, and microorganisms are one of them. Some of those microorganisms live within the plant system and their collective genome forms the ``plant microbiome.'' Researchers at present believe that the evolutionary forces do not act solely on the plant genome during the course of evolution. Probably they act on the entire plant, including the genome of related microbial communities. The theory of acquired heritable traits, as suggested by Lamarck, can be explained by the hologenome concept, where the beneficial traits are vertically transferred from the Endophytes to the plants (Rosenberg et al., 2009 ). Nowadays, the Endophytes are defined based on their types, that is, fungal and bacterial, and based on their relationship with their host plant, that is, obligate or facultative (Hallmann et al., 1997 ; Petrini, 1991
eBook - PDF- Prasad, D(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Daya Publishing House(Publisher)
Chapter 24 Bacterial 5 th Endophytes of Plants and their Uses in Agriculture Biswajit Bhowmik 1 , Tusar Kanti Bag 2 and S.K. Biswas 3 1 Indira Gandhi National Open University, Siliguri Sub-regional Centre, Raja Ram Mohan Roy Road, East Vivekananda Pally, Siliguri – 734 006, West Bengal 2 National Research Centre for Orchids (ICAR), Pakyong – 737 106, Sikkim 3 C.S. Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur – 208 002, U.P. Introduction There are several definitions of Endophytes, which in general include fungi and bacteria (Chanway 1996). Endophytes were originally defined as those organisms that live within a plant tissue (de Bary 1866). Bacterial Endophytes have been defined by Kado (1992) as “bacteria that reside within living plant tissues without doing substantive harm or gaining benefit other than securing residency.” Quispel (1992) considered Endophytes only as bacteria that establish an endosymbiosis with the plant, whereby the plant receives an ecological benefit from the presence of the symbiont, such as increased stress tolerance or plant growth promotion. Beattie and Lindow (1995) viewed the term epiphytic and endophytic as two ends of one spectrum reflecting the growth patterns of leaf bacteria, rather than as two distinct groups of organisms. These authors suggested that an active This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. exchange occurs between the internal and external populations of one bacterial strain. Hallmann et al . (1997) defined “Endophytes as those bacteria that can be isolated from surface disinfested plant tissue or extracted from within the plant, and that do not visibly harm the plant.” This definition includes internal colonists with apparently neutral behaviour, as well as symbionts and bacteria that, during their endophytic phase, fluctuate between endophytic and epiphytic colonization.
- Raphael Ikan(Author)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- World Scientific(Publisher)
11 The metabolites of a particular fungus will be discussed in the context of the host from which the endophyte was obtained or in which it was studied. 15.2 PRINCIPLES AND DEFINITIONS 15.2.1 Endophytes The terminology used to describe the relationships among fungi living within host tissues (the symbiont) and the host plant is complex. In fact, Plant Fungal Endophytes: Interactions, Metabolites and Biosyntheses 505 the term “symbiont” often connotes a beneficial relationship to at least the host plant, if not to both species, but I am using “symbiont” in the broader sense of “living together.” De Bary 12 coined the term “endophyte,” literally meaning “internal plant,” to describe the presence of fungal tissue within the cells or tissues of a plant, usually when there was no evidence of disease or pathology. This term was proposed at a time when there were only two recognized kingdoms of organisms, the plants and the ani-mals, and the plants were defined as anything not clearly seen as animal. Thus, the bacteria and fungi were seen as plants. A more appropriate set of terms today might be “endomycobiont” or “endobacteriobiont,” refer-ring to internal fungi or bacteria, respectively. The usual current usage is “endophyte fungi” or “endophyte bacteria,” although it is just as frequently used, and perhaps more grammatically correct to refer to the associations as endophytic fungi or bacteria. Although “endophyte” usually suggests the lack of pathogenicity, 13 with terms such as cryptic, non-obvious, latent, or inconspicuous being commonly used, fungal hyphae of species usually considered pathogenic may be found in tissues showing no signs of dis-ease. Some authors e . g .,5 have begun referring to such situations as the endophytic phase of a pathogenic relationship. An endophyte should be distinguished from an epiphyte. An epi-phyte 12 (“plant on the surface”) is a micro-or macroorganism living on the surface of the plant in question.
eBook - PDFBioactive Compounds from Natural Sources
Natural Products as Lead Compounds in Drug Discovery
- Corrado Tringali(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
. Nowadays,. the. definition. of. endo-phytes.has.been.broadened.by.many.researchers,.and.the.term.endophyte.applies.to.a. fungal.or.bacterial.microorganism.that.can.reside.in.the.intercellular.space.of.living. plant.tissues.without.causing.discernible.symptoms.of.plant.disease . .Endophytes.live. in.various.plants,.everywhere.ranging.from.the.tropical.rainforest.jungle.to.cacti.in. the.desert,.in.a.close.symbiotic.relationship.with.the.plants . .In.most.cases,.the.endo-phytes.play.important.roles.in.plant.development.and.health.because.they.are.capable. of.synthesizing.bioactive.compounds.that.can.be.involved.in.plants–Endophytes.rela-tionship.and.useful.for.the.plant.for.defense.against.pathogenic.fungi.and.bacteria,. and.herbivorous.insects.(Schulz.and.Boyle,.2005,.Wicklow.et al ., .2005,.Mejia.et al ., . 2008,. Vega. et al ., .2008) . . However,. it. has. not. been. fully. clarified. how. Endophytes. penetrate.inside.the.host,.how.they.live.in.coexistence.with.it,.and.what.they.do.inside. it. .In.addition,.once.the.balance.of.coexistence.is.lost,.the.fungi.seem.to.turn.into.phy-topathogenic.species.or.saprophytes.(Basidiomycetes) . .Endophytic.microorganisms. have.recently.been.recognized.as.a.rich.and.untapped.source.of.structurally.novel. and.biologically.active.secondary.metabolites . .Indeed,.a.lot.of.bioactive.and.chemi-cally.novel.compounds.were.discovered.from.the.culture.of.these.microorganisms.in. recent.years.(Strobel.et al ., .2004,.Zhang.et al ., .2006) . .Endophytes.discussed.herein. are.endophytic.fungi.living.in.healthy.trees.without.causing.any.disease.to.them . 16.3 SCREENING FOR ENDOPHYTIC METABOLITES 16.3.1 I SOLATION OF E NDOPHYTIC F UNGI As.first.step.of.Endophytes.collection,.a.bark.sample.from.Yamagata.prefecture.was. disinfected.using.70%.ethanol.and.sodium.hypochlorite,.and.subsequently.placed.on. agar.media.(Schulz.et al ., .1993) . .After.a.few.days,.filamentous.fungi.that.developed.
eBook - PDFBioactive Natural Products
Detection, Isolation, and Structural Determination, Second Edition
- Steven M. Colegate, Russell J. Molyneux, Steven M. Colegate, Russell J. Molyneux(Authors)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
11 Accordingly, it appears that the search for novel secondary metabolites should center on organisms that inhabit unique biotopes. Thus, it behooves the investigator to carefully study and select the biological source before proceeding, rather than to take a totally random approach in selecting the source material. Careful study also indicates that organisms and their biotopes that are subjected to constant metabolic and environmental interactions should produce even more second-ary metabolites. 11 Endophytes are microbes that inhabit such biotopes, namely higher plants, which is why they are currently considered as a wellspring of novel secondary metabolites offering the potential for exploitation of their medical benefits. 12 The investigator interested in exploiting Endophytes should have access to, or have some exper-tise in, microbial taxonomy, that includes modern molecular techniques involving sequence analy-ses of 16S and 18S rDNA. Currently, Endophytes are viewed as an outstanding source of bioactive natural products because there are so many of them occupying literally millions of unique biologi-cal niches (higher plants) growing in so many unusual environments. Thus, it would appear that a myriad of biotypical factors associated with plants can be important in the selection of a plant for study. It may be the case that these factors govern which microbes are present in the plant as well as the biological activity of the products associated with these organisms. What are Endophytes? Bacon and White 2 give an inclusive and widely accepted definition of Endophytes: “Microbes that colonize living, internal tissues of plants without causing any immedi-ate, overt negative effects”.
eBook - ePubBioprospecting of Microbial Diversity
Challenges and Applications in Biochemical Industry, Agriculture and Environment Protection
- Pradeep Verma, Maulin P. Shah, Pradeep Verma, Maulin P. Shah(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
Chapter 7: Bioprospecting of Endophytes: Recent advances in endophytic microbes for industrially important bioactive compounds
Prashant Rajesh Wagha ; Varsha Vasantrao Sonkambleb ; Nilesh Shirish Waghca Modern College of Arts, Science, and Commerce (Autonomous), Pune, Maharashtra, Indiab School of Life Sciences, Swami Ramanand Teerth Marathwada University, Nanded, Maharashtra, Indiac Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaAbstract
Endophytes are referred to as endosymbionts (bacteria or fungi) that colonize and thrive in living plant tissues. For the host plant, they are advantageous owing to their rich source of metabolites that act as promising biofertilizers and/or biocontrol agents revealing growth promoting and/or pathogen antagonistic potentials, respectively. Moreover, they also regulate abiotic stress, enhance nutrient attainments in the host plant. Investigation of the endophytic metabolites for different bioactivities have showcased their potential in developing herbal remedies targeting both plant and human health. This has further garnered interest in exploiting endophytic microbes at the industrial level for a large-scale but low-cost surge of bioactive compounds. However, identification of new endophytic producers, advents in strain development, and optimized purification strategies are vital for enhanced accumulation of bioactive compounds having industrial importance. Thus, the chapter will be consolidating the current scenario of endophytic diversity, their bioactive compounds depicting potent bioactive properties with special emphasis on their industrial applications.
eBook - ePubMicrobial Endophytes
Prospects for Sustainable Agriculture
- Ajay Kumar, Vipin Kumar Singh(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Woodhead Publishing(Publisher)
2Endophytic bacteria from the medicinal plants and their potential applications
R. Aswani; P. Jishma; E.K. Radhakrishnan School of Biosciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, IndiaAbstract
Endophytic bacteria can be defined as those which colonize the interior tissues of plants without causing any adverse effect. A large number of endophytic bacteria have been extensively characterized from various medicinal plants due to its wide range of biosynthetic potential. The mutualistic association of endophyte with plants enables the plant to manage diverse stress conditions. The biocontrol properties of these microorganisms make them to have the promises to protect the plants from various pathogenic attacks. Even though chemical fertilizers and pesticides are used to manage crop diseases, the toxicity and environment pollution caused by them demand the need for environment friendly approaches to improve the agricultural production in a safe and cost-effective manner. Hence, endophytic microbiome has been identified as a significant alternative to be applied in the agriculture field. Even though many studies have been done so far pertaining to the endophytic bacterial association with medicinal plants, a detailed insight into their adaptive mechanisms and the metabolite potential is least explored. Thus, this chapter describes the biosynthetic and plant beneficial features of the endophytic bacteria associated with medicinal plants and their role in plant disease management to increase agricultural productivity along with the development of bacterial formulations for field applications.
eBook - ePub- Raghvendra Pratap Singh, Geetanjali Manchanda, Kaushik Bhattacharjee, Hovik Panosyan(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Current Aspects of European Endophyte Research . France: University of Reims; 2012:28–30.Schulz and Boyle, 2005 Schulz B., Boyle C. The endophytic continuum . Mycol. Res. 2005;109:661–686. doi:10.1017/S095375620500273X.Schulz et al., 1999 Schulz B., Roemmert A.K., Dammann U., Aust H.J., Strack D. The endophyte-host interaction: a balanced antagonism? . Mycol. Res. 1999;103(10):1275–1383.Sekar et al., 2016 Sekar J., Raj R., Prabavathy V.R. Microbial consortial products for sustainable agriculture: commercialization and regulatory issues in India . In: Singh H.B., Sarma B.K., Keswani C., eds. Agriculturally Important Microorganisms . Singapore: Springer Science + Business Media; 2016:107–131.Selim et al., 2017 Selim H.M., Gomaa N.M., Essa A.M.Application of endophytic bacteria for the biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani (Cantharellales: ceratobasidiaceae) damping-off disease in cotton seedlings. Biocontrol Sci. Technol. 2017;27(1):81–95.Shah et al., 2015 Shah F.U.R., Ahmad N. Heavy metal toxicity in plants . In: Ashraf M., Ozturk M., Ahmad M.S.A., eds. Plants Adaptation and Phytoremediation . New York: Springer; 2015.Shen et al., 2019 Shen F.T., Yen J.H., Liao C.S., Chen W.C., Chao Y.T. Screening of rice endophytic biofertilizers with fungicide tolerance and plant growth-promoting characteristics . Sustainability . 2019;11:1133. doi:10.3390/su11041133.Sheoran et al., 2015 Sheoran N., Nadakkakath A.V., Munjal V., Kundu A., Subaharan K., Venugopal V., Rajamma S., Eapen S.J., Kumar A.Genetic analysis of plant endophytic Pseudomonas putida BP25 and chemo-profiling of its antimicrobial volatile organic compounds. Microbiol. Res. 2015;173:66–78 (ISSN 0944-5013).Silva et al., 2006 Silva G.H., Teles H.L., Zanardi L.M., Young M.C.M., Eberlin M.N., Hadad R.Cadinane sesquiterpenoids of Phomopsis cassiae , an endophytic fungus associated with Cassia spectabilis (Leguminosae). Phytochemistry
eBook - PDF- Trevor R. Hodkinson, Fiona M. Doohan, Matthew J. Saunders, Brian R. Murphy(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
More particularly, the high tolerance of DSEs to abiotic stress and their relatively high abundance in trace element-contaminated and other stressful habitats suggest that they may have an important function for host survival under these conditions. Finally, this chapter outlines why additional research is required in the emerging field of plant–DSE interactions to address future challenges. 144 144 ROLE IN GROWTH AND STRESS RESISTANCE 7.1 Introduction Plant roots establish intimate associations with a variety of microorganisms such as bacteria, mycorrhizal fungi and endophytic fungi. The term ‘endophyte’ is used to describe microorganisms living in plant tissues without causing any apparent harm or eliciting a negative response from the host (Schulz and Boyle, 2005). The plant–fungal endophyte relationship is thought to differ from mycorrhizal sym- biosis in that the following three key features are lacking: (1) a cellular interface where specialised structures (e.g. arbuscules) develop, (2) synchronised develop- ment between the plant and the fungal associate, and (3) significant benefits for both partners (Brundrett, 2006). Root endophytic associations involve a diverse array of fungi, the best known of which are dark septate Endophytes (DSEs). DSEs are a polyphyletic assemblage of Ascomycetes mainly characterised by brown to blackish mycelium (Figure 7.1a). The accumulation of high concentrations of mel- anin in hyphae is specific to this group and probably reflects a common response to different environmental pressures (Butler and Day, 1998). Due to their singular morphology, they were initially described as ‘mycelium radicis atrovirens’ (MRA) or ‘pseudomycorrhizal’ fungi (Melin, 1921). MRA were often found to co-exist with mycorrhizal fungi, and the colonisation of 135 species of angiosperms by dark pigmented fungi was documented as early as 1924 (Peyronel, 1924).
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