Biological Sciences
Plant Organs
Plant organs are specialized structures that perform specific functions within a plant. The main plant organs include roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and fruits. Each organ has distinct roles, such as absorbing water and nutrients (roots), providing support and transport (stems), conducting photosynthesis (leaves), and reproduction (flowers and fruits). These organs work together to ensure the survival and growth of the plant.
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9 Key excerpts on "Plant Organs"
eBook - PDF- Rene Fester Kratz(Author)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- For Dummies(Publisher)
5 Going Green with Plant Biology IN THIS PART . . . Take a close look at plant body structure. Learn how different types of plants reproduce. Explore how plants regulate their water balance. CHAPTER 18 Studying Plant Structures 321 Studying Plant Structures A plant’s structure suits its lifestyle. After all, it has flat leaves for gathering sunlight, roots for drawing water up from the soil, and flowers and fruits for reproduction. Plants begin their lives from seeds or spores, grow to maturity, and then reproduce asexually or sexually to create new generations. In this chapter, I present the fundamental structures of plants and introduce you to their reproductive strategies. Peering at the Parts and Types of Plants Like animals, plants are made of cells and tissues, and those tissues form organs, such as leaves and flowers, that are specialized for different functions. Plants have two basic organ systems: » The shoot system, located above ground, helps plants capture energy from the sun for photosynthesis (see Chapter 4). » The root system, located below ground, absorbs water and minerals from the soil. Chapter 18 IN THIS CHAPTER » Understanding plant parts and their functions » Breaking down the tissues of herbaceous and woody plants » Following the steps of plant reproduction 322 PART 5 Going Green with Plant Biology The structure of each type of plant organ is tailored to match its function (see Figure 18-1): » Leaves capture light and exchange gases with the atmosphere while minimizing water loss. • Many leaves are flattened, so they have maximum surface area for light capture. • Tiny holes called stomata in the surfaces of leaves open and close to allow plants to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen. (You can see a stoma in the leaf cross-section in Figure 18-1.) • Guard cells surround the stomata, ready to close them if water loss from the leaves becomes too great.
- Caula A. Beyl, Robert N. Trigiano, Caula A. Beyl, Robert N. Trigiano(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
15 2 A Brief Introduction to Plant Anatomy and Morphology Robert N. Trigiano, Jennifer A. Franklin, and Dennis J. Gray This chapter, “A Brief Introduction to Plant Anatomy and Morphology,” originally appeared in Plant Tissue Culture, Development, and Biotechnology (Trigiano and Gray, 2010), but is very appropriate for beginning propa-gation students. We included this chapter because many horticultural students lack basic botanical knowledge about how plants are assembled. We have also elected to retain the figures as in the original chapter as structures are exceeding clear in black and white. This chapter, therefore, explores some of the internal organization (cells, tissues, and organs) or anatomy of vascular plants. For simplic-ity, we have organized and illustrated the material by first looking at cell types and then comparing and contrasting the anatomy of the tissues and the organs of the mono-cotyledonous (monocot) and dicotyledonous (dicot) angio-sperms, gymnosperms, and pteridophytes (ferns). For the purposes of this book, we will consider the following four Plant Organs: roots, stems, leaves, and flowers (reproductive structures). Note that some authors omit the flower as an organ. It is impossible to discuss adequately all the details of the anatomy and develop-ment of these organs in this short chapter. Therefore, most treatments of cell types, tissue, and organs are described in broad, widespread terms, and students are cautioned that many exceptions to our generalizations can be found. The relationship of anatomy to the com-mon forms and shapes, or morphology, of these organs will also be touched upon. Readers with greater interests in more exhaustive details of anatomy and development are directed to some botany and anatomy textbooks cited at the end of this chapter. Most of the material in this chapter is derived from Esau (1960) and Fahn (1990).
eBook - PDFPlant Production NQF2 SB
TVET FIRST
- W Burger(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Macmillan(Publisher)
Plant anatomy and physiology Overview In this module you will … ● identify the macroscopic and microscopic parts of a plant ● explain the role of each part of the plant ● define physiology, morphology, photosynthesis and respiration ● explain photosynthesis and respiration in general terms ● discuss the plant environment in terms of climate, season, aspect, light, temperature and water ● explain the inter-relationship between climate, season, aspect, light, temperature and water 2 Topic 1, Module 1 Module 1 Unit 1: 3 Unit 1: Macroscopic and microscopic parts of the plant Macroscopic and microscopic parts of the plant Introduction All living things are made up of a number of chemical elements: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), potassium (K), phosphorus (P), iodine (I), sulphur (S), nitrogen (N), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na) and chlorine (Cl). These elements are combined together in compounds. Organisms are made up of tiny cells. These cells are microscopic (very small) in size. There are many different types of cells. For instance, within a single leaf of a plant, there are several kinds of cells. The cells of plants and animals are different. A group of cells that performs a similar function is called a tissue. A group of tissues make up an organ. A group of organs that performs the same function makes up an organ system. An example of an organ system is the vascular system in a plant, which consists of tubes that conduct minerals and water to the leaves, and carry food made in the leaves to the stem and roots. Did you know? Figure 1: A variety of cells Classifying organisms Organisms are classified into five kingdoms. These are: bacteria, algae, fungi, plants and animals. Many of these organisms cannot be seen without a microscope. Some of these microscopic organisms are composed of a single cell (unicellular), while others have many cells (multi-cellular). Some contain chlorophyll and make their own food, while others do not.
eBook - PDFBiology
Concepts and Applications
- Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr, , Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300 423 Core Concepts 423 Core Concepts Organisms must exchange matter with the environment in order to grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce. Living things have various strategies to eliminate wastes and to obtain nutrients and energy for use in biological processes. Plant leaves are specialized to intercept sunlight and to exchange gases for photosynthesis and respiration. Roots are specialized to take up water and nutrients from soil. Evolution underlies the unity and diversity of life. All plant parts consist of the same tissues, but the arrangement of the tissues differs between monocots and eudicots. Plants specialized for different environments have different adaptations for acquiring and retaining water and nutrients, supporting growth and reproduction, and optimizing photosynthetic performance. Interactions among the components of each biological system give rise to complex properties. Stacks of cells in vascular tissue form conducting tubes that deliver water and nutrients to all of a plant’s living cells. All plant parts arise from continually dividing undifferentiated cells in the tips of roots and shoots. The activity of these cells lengthens plant parts. Thickening arises from cylinders of undifferentiated cells that run lengthwise through older structures. Links to Earlier Concepts This chapter builds on the discussion of plant structure and life cycles introduced in Section 21.1. It examines the anatomy of flowering plants (21.6) in terms of life’s organization (1.1), and revisits carbohydrates (3.2), plant cell specializations (4.8, 4.10), photosynthesis (6.1, 6.5), and differentiation (10.1). Plant Tissues 25 Trichomes are outgrowths of leaf epidermal cells. Glandular types such as the ones on the surface of this marijuana leaf secrete substances that deter plant-eating animals.
eBook - PDFAmerican Herbal Pharmacopoeia
Botanical Pharmacognosy - Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines
- Roy Upton, Alison Graff, Georgina Jolliffe, Reinhard Länger, Elizabeth Williamson(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
The importance of plant morphology to the micro- scopic identification of herbal ingredients lies in the ability to identify differences in plant anatomy that are charac- teristic of different plant parts. This section describes the basics of plant morphology so that readers can understand the terminology used in the Botanical Microscopy Atlas in this book. This chapter also provides the foundation for the chapters that follow, building from the basic plant structures, their cell types and cell contents, and the vari- ous tissues made up of those cells to develop a microscopic evaluation. At the end of this chapter, Table 7.4 provides a synopsis of the various cell types, their location, and pri- mary functions. Basic Plant Structures Subterranean Organs Subterranean or underground plant parts include roots, rhizomes, corms, tubers, and bulbs; all act to anchor the plant to the earth, take up water and nutrients, and distrib- ute and/or store nutrients. Some confusion in the identifi- cation of underground parts might occur because they can arise from root, stem, or leaf tissue. In addition to being aerial, stems can grow along or under the ground and are called stolons (e.g., Asarum caudatum) or rhizomes (e.g., Actaea racemosa ); these two are primarily differentiated by the distance between the nodes (in stolons, the distance between nodes is relatively large, while in rhizomes the distance is short). Stolons and rhizomes can branch and send out leaves, flowers, aerial stems, and roots. These prostrate and under- ground stems can be mistaken for roots; however, when they are viewed in transverse section under a microscope, they have the tissue structure of a stem. Some underground stems are highly modified into storage organs: for example, corms ( Colchicum autumnale ) and tubers ( Dioscorea vil- losa ). Bulbs are highly modified and shortened stems cov- ered by enlarged and fleshy leaf bases containing stored nutrients.
eBook - PDF- Gurnah, Akinloye(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Agri Horti Press(Publisher)
At this scale, plant morphology overlaps with plant anatomy as a field of study. At the largest scale is the study of plant growth habit, the overall architecture of a plant. The pattern of branching in a tree will vary from species to species, as will the appearance of a plant as a tree, herb, or grass. Fourthly, plant morphology examines the pattern of development, the process by which structures originate and mature as a plant grows. While animals produce all the body parts they will ever have from early in their life, plants constantly produce new tissues and structures throughout their life. A living plant always has embryonic tissues. The way in This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. Introduction to Plant Anatomy 160 which new structures mature as they are produced may be affected by the point in the plants life when they begin to develop, as well as by the environment to which the structures are exposed. A morphologist studies this process, the causes, and its result. This area of plant morphology overlaps with plant physiology and ecology. A Comparative Science A plant morphologist makes comparisons between structures in many different plants of the same or different species. Making such comparisons between similar structures in different plants tackles the question of why the structures are similar. It is quite likely that similar underlying causes of genetics, physiology, or response to the environment have led to this similarity in appearance. The result of scientific investigation into these causes can lead to one of two insights into the underlying biology: • Homology - the structure is similar between the two species because of shared ancestry and common genetics. • Convergence - the structure is similar between the two species because of independent adaptation to common environmental pressures.
eBook - PDFPlant Stems
Physiology and Functional Morphology
- Barbara L. Gartner(Author)
- 1995(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
A considerable body of literature exists on the mechanisms of acquisition and response to broad differences in resource availability and, as a consequence, the allocation of biomass to capture these resources (Gulmon and Chu, 1981; Huston and Smith, 1987; Tilman, 1988; Borchert, 1991; Chapin, 1991; Grime, 1994; Stitt and Schulze, 1994). Superimposed on this relatively gross scale of heterogeneity are smaller and smaller scales of heterogeneity, from the seasonal to the millisecond changes in resources and from one position to another in the foliar and in the root canopy. Many current topics in physiological ecology and developmental biology are largely focused on these issues of resource capture and utilization by plants in a patchy world. In such discussion, the stem clearly represents not only the critical link between roots and leaves, but it also assumes a major role in the exploita- tion of above-ground resources. As we have learned in this book, the stem, its form, its durability, its role in storage, transport and support, protection and defense, is a critical albeit underacknowledged component of the plant. Only in production forestry does the stem assume a dominant role in the literature and usually for its economic role. On the basis'of what we have learned in this book, several general messages can be presented. At the scale of the tissue or organ, the following points appear to be important. 424 Thomas M. Hinckley and PaulJ. Schulte 9 Stems are composed of modules. 9 Stems compartmentalize wounds; stems also compartmentalize function. 9 Stems of different species have a highly variable mix of cell types and configurations, all of which yield successful physiological and mechanical organs. 9 Stems serve transport, storage, and support roles. They are physiologi- cally and mechanically important. In many cases they exert active control over which parts of the shoot receive resources.
eBook - PDF- Julianne Zedalis, John Eggebrecht(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Openstax(Publisher)
In addition all plant species respond to environmental factors, such as light, gravity, competition, temperature, and predation (see the Plant Sensory Systems and Reponses module). Like animals, plants contain cells with organelles, in which specific metabolic activities occur, and specialized tissues and organs. Unlike animals, plant use energy from sunlight to synthesize sugars during photosynthesis—creating the food that supports life on this planet. Without plants, life on Earth could not exist. With the exception of vascular tissue—which we will explore in detail in the Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants module—information presented in this section, and the examples highlighted, does not align to the content and AP ® Learning Objectives outlined in the AP ® Curriculum Framework. The Science Practice Challenge Questions contain additional test questions for this section that will help you prepare for the AP exam. These questions address the following standards: [APLO 2.3][APLO 2.4][APLO 2.28][APLO 4.15][APLO 4.14][APLO 4.21] Like eukaryotes, plants contain cells with organelles in which specific metabolic activities take place. Unlike animals, however, plants use energy from sunlight to form sugars during photosynthesis. In addition, plant cells have cell walls, plastids, and a large central vacuole: structures that are not found in animal cells. Each of these cellular structures plays a specific role in plant structure and function. Watch Botany Without Borders (http://openstaxcollege.org/l/botany_wo_bord) , a video produced by the Botanical Society of America about the importance of plants. When the link opens to the page “Botany Without Borders” click on the menu item, “Plants Are Cool Too!” View the videoAngiosperms: The Secrets of Flowers, by Botanical Society of America (BSA) member Kate March, and answer the question below.Which group of plants dominates the landscape on Earth? a.
eBook - PDF- Mary Ann Clark, Jung Choi, Matthew Douglas(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Openstax(Publisher)
The shoot system includes the aboveground vegetative portions (stems and leaves) and reproductive parts (flowers and fruits). The root system supports the plant and is usually underground. A plant is composed of two main types of tissue: meristematic tissue and permanent tissue. Meristematic tissue consists of actively dividing cells found in root and shoot tips. As growth occurs, meristematic tissue differentiates into permanent tissue, which is categorized as either simple or complex. Simple tissues are made up of similar cell types; examples include dermal tissue and ground tissue. Dermal tissue provides the outer covering of the plant. Ground tissue is responsible for photosynthesis; it also supports vascular tissue and may store water and sugars. Complex tissues are made up of different cell types. Vascular tissue, for example, is made up of xylem and phloem cells. 30.2 Stems The stem of a plant bears the leaves, flowers, and fruits. Stems are characterized by the presence of nodes (the points of attachment for leaves or branches) and internodes (regions between nodes). Plant Organs are made up of simple and complex tissues. The stem has three tissue systems: dermal, vascular, and ground tissue. Dermal tissue is the outer covering of the plant. It contains epidermal cells, stomata, guard cells, and trichomes. Vascular tissue is made up of xylem and phloem tissues and conducts water, minerals, and photosynthetic products. Ground tissue is responsible for photosynthesis and support and is composed of parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells. Primary growth occurs at the tips of roots and shoots, causing an increase in length. Woody plants may also exhibit secondary growth, or increase in thickness. In woody plants, especially trees, annual rings may form as growth slows at the end of each season. Some plant species have modified stems that help to store food, propagate new plants, or discourage predators.
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