Biological Sciences
Plant Tissues
Plant tissues are groups of cells with similar structures and functions. There are three main types of plant tissues: dermal, ground, and vascular. Dermal tissue forms the outer protective covering of the plant, ground tissue provides support and storage, and vascular tissue transports water, nutrients, and sugars throughout the plant. These tissues work together to support the growth and function of the plant.
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9 Key excerpts on "Plant Tissues"
- Caula A. Beyl, Robert N. Trigiano, Caula A. Beyl, Robert N. Trigiano(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
• Simple tissues consist of one cell type, whereas complex tissues contain more than one of the basic cell types. • The four plant organs are roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. • Generally, the organization of monocots and dicots are similar, but they each have distinctive arrangements of cells/tissues in their organs. • The four units of a flower are sepals, petals, anthers, and pistils. • The study of plant anatomy is useful for understanding plant development, and determining the origin of cells and tissues in situ and in vitro . 16 Robert N. Trigiano, Jennifer A. Franklin, and Dennis J. Gray increasing in size and having cellulose microfibrils that are laid down randomly or in more or less parallel orienta-tions (Esau, 1960). The primary wall usually contains cel-lulose, hemicellulose, and pectic compounds referred to as the “middle lamella.” The wall is flexible and stretches as the cell grows, with the orientation of cellulose fibers determining the direction of growth and eventual cell shape. The middle lamella acts as a “cement” between adjacent cells. Secondary walls found in some cells are deposited to the inside of the primary wall and the mid-dle lamella after the primary wall has been completed and can be very thick. Lignin may then be deposited into primary and secondary cell walls, making the cell rigid. Secondary walls containing cellulose and hemicellulose and lignin may or may not be present (Esau, 1960). CELL TYPES Let us consider the basic cell types of plants before exam-ining the internal arrangement of cells into tissues and, in turn, tissues into organs. For the purposes of this chap-ter, plant cells can be simply classified into the following types and their variations: (1) meristematic, (2) paren-chyma, (3) collenchyma, and (4) sclerenchyma. Note that most references consider the meristematic cells to be a form of parenchyma cells.
eBook - PDF- Peter Albersheim, Alan Darvill, Keith Roberts, Ron Sederoff, Andrew Staehelin(Authors)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- Garland Science(Publisher)
(B) A cross section of a developing leaf, and (C) a section at right angles to this. In this very young leaf of Arabidopsis, the dermal tissue system (epidermis), the ground tissue system, and the more elongated cells that will form the vascular tissue system (minor veins) can be clearly seen (arrowheads). (B and C, from P.M. Donnelly et al., Plant Cell 9:1121-1135, 1999.) 14 Panel 1.1 The cell types and tissues from which higher plants are constructed. THE THREE TISSUE SYSTEMS Cell division, growth, and differentiation give rise to tissue systems with specialized functions. DERMAL TISSUE ( I i): This is the plant's protective outer covering in contact with the environment. It facilitates water and ion uptake in roots and regulates gas exchange in leaves and stems. VASCULAR TISSUE: Together the phloem ( ■ ■ ) and the xylem form a continuous vascular system throughout the plant. This tissue conducts water and solutes between organs and also provides mechanical support. GROUND TISSUE (I l): This packing and supportive tissue accounts for much of the bulk of the young plant. It also functions in food manufacture and storage. The young flowering plant shown on the right is constructed from three main types of organs: leaves, stems, and roots. Each plant organ in turn is made from three tissue systems: ground ( I I), dermal (I I), and vascular (^ H ). All three tissue systems derive ultimately from the cell proliferative activity of the shoot or root apical meristems, and each contains a relatively small number of specialized cell types. These three common tissue systems, and the cells that comprise them, are described in this panel. GROUND TISSUE The ground tissue system contains three main cell types called parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma. Parenchyma cells are found in all tissue systems. They are living cells, generally capable of further division, and have a thin primary cell wall.
eBook - ePub- Patricia Barnes-Svarney, Thomas E. Svarney(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Visible Ink Press(Publisher)
Cellular Basics ”)—also called ground tissue (that functions mainly in support, storage, and photosynthesis):Parenchyma cells —Parenchyma (from the Greek para , meaning “beside,” and en + chein , meaning “to pour in”) are the most common cells found in leaves, stems, and roots. They are often spherical in shape with only primary cell walls and play a role in food storage, photosynthesis, and aerobic respiration. For example, most nutrients in plants such as corn and potatoes are contained in starch-laden parenchyma cells; they are also in the photosynthetic tissue of a leaf, the flesh of fruit, and the storage tissue of roots and seeds.Collenchyma cells —Collenchyma (from the Greek term kola , meaning “glue”) cells have thickened primary cell walls and lack secondary cell walls. They provide support for parts of the plant that are still growing, such as the stem.Sclerenchyma cells —Sclerenchyma (from the Greek term skleros , meaning “hard”) cells have tough, rigid, thick secondary cell walls hardened with lignin (the main chemical component of wood) that makes the cell walls more rigid. The two types are fiber cells, which are long, slender cells that usually form strands or bundles, and sclereid cells, sometimes called stone cells, which occur singly or in groups and have various forms with a thick, very hard secondary cell wall.What are the types of plant tissue?
Plants have three types of tissue, each with its own function. They include the dermal tissue, which includes the epidermis, and the vascular tissue, which includes the xylem and phloem. The following gives more detail about these tissues:Epidermis
eBook - PDF- Gurnah, Akinloye(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Agri Horti Press(Publisher)
The small amount of protoplast in sieve elements is distributed in a thin layer along the periphery of the cell wall. In some cases, you may be able to observe smaller cells calledcompanion cells distributed among the sieve elements. Companion cells contain all the organelles you would expect to find in a typical plant cell and carry out many of the necessary life functions for the sieve elements which lack organelles. Ground Tissue Derived from the ground meristem*, ground tissues are distributed between and among the dermal and vascular tissues This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. Plant Tissue Systems 127 of roots, stems, and leaves. Ground tissues include a wide variety of tissue types that perform a multitude of functions within the plant. Some of the more familiar ground tissues include the following : • Cortex : the ground tissue distributed between the epidermis and vascular tissues in roots and stems. Cortex is usually modified for storage, especially of starches. In herbaceous green stems, cortex often contains chloroplasts and thus is further modified for carrying out photosynthesis. • Pith : like cortex, pith is generally modified for starch storage, but is only found to the interior of the vascular tissues in stems and roots. • Mesophyll : the ground tissue of leaves found between the two layers of epidermis. Leaf mesophyll is the tissue most adapted for photosynthesis and thus is generally rich with chloroplasts. In addition to the functions indicated above, ground tissues also have an important role in wound healing and the regeneration of damaged or dead cells throughout the plant. Plant Growth Regulators and Tissue Culture Generalisations about plant growth regulators and their use in plant cell culture media have been developed from initial observations made in the 1950s.
- Saket Kushwaha(Author)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Delve Publishing(Publisher)
4.5.1. Dermal Tissue System The epidermis, or outer covering of a plant is formed by the dermal tissue system, which normally consists of a single cell layer. The periderm is a type of dermal tissue found on the stems and roots of woody plants. The epidermis must stretch to cover the developing plant body throughout development. The epidermal cells are tiny and spherical, with a small central vacuole or no vacuole at all. When cell division in an organ’s epidermis stops, the epidermal cells enlarge. Some epidermal cells develop into one of three types of structures: • Stomatal guard cells, which create stomata (pores) in leaves that allow gas exchange. • Trichomes, or leaf hairs, which give protection against insects and damaging sun rays • Root hairs, which considerably increase root surface area, thereby providing a greater surface for the uptake of water and mineral nutrients Cutin (a polymer formed of long chains of fatty acids), a complex mixture of waxes, and cell wall polysaccharides are secreted by aboveground epidermal cells to form a protective extracellular cuticle. The cuticle prevents water loss, reflects potentially harmful solar radiation, and acts as a pathogen barrier. 4.5.2. Ground Tissue System The ground tissue system encompasses almost all of the tissue in both shoots and roots that lies between dermal and vascular tissue, accounting for the majority of the plant’s body. Storage, support, and photosynthesis are the primary roles of ground tissue. Flowering Plants: Form and Functions 109 Ground tissues contain three cell types that are categorized according to their cell wall construction to perform these various functions: parenchyma, collenchyma, and schlerenchyma. The parenchyma cell is the most abundant cell type in plants. Large vacuoles and thin walls make up parenchyma cells, which only have the main wall and a common middle lamella.
eBook - PDF- Rene Fester Kratz(Author)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- For Dummies(Publisher)
5 Going Green with Plant Biology IN THIS PART . . . Take a close look at plant body structure. Learn how different types of plants reproduce. Explore how plants regulate their water balance. CHAPTER 18 Studying Plant Structures 321 Studying Plant Structures A plant’s structure suits its lifestyle. After all, it has flat leaves for gathering sunlight, roots for drawing water up from the soil, and flowers and fruits for reproduction. Plants begin their lives from seeds or spores, grow to maturity, and then reproduce asexually or sexually to create new generations. In this chapter, I present the fundamental structures of plants and introduce you to their reproductive strategies. Peering at the Parts and Types of Plants Like animals, plants are made of cells and tissues, and those tissues form organs, such as leaves and flowers, that are specialized for different functions. Plants have two basic organ systems: » The shoot system, located above ground, helps plants capture energy from the sun for photosynthesis (see Chapter 4). » The root system, located below ground, absorbs water and minerals from the soil. Chapter 18 IN THIS CHAPTER » Understanding plant parts and their functions » Breaking down the tissues of herbaceous and woody plants » Following the steps of plant reproduction 322 PART 5 Going Green with Plant Biology The structure of each type of plant organ is tailored to match its function (see Figure 18-1): » Leaves capture light and exchange gases with the atmosphere while minimizing water loss. • Many leaves are flattened, so they have maximum surface area for light capture. • Tiny holes called stomata in the surfaces of leaves open and close to allow plants to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen. (You can see a stoma in the leaf cross-section in Figure 18-1.) • Guard cells surround the stomata, ready to close them if water loss from the leaves becomes too great.
eBook - PDFBiology
Concepts and Applications
- Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr, , Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Ground tissues make up most of the soft internal tissues of a plant, and dermal tissues protect its surfaces. Vascular tissues conduct water and nutrients to all parts of the plant. Monocots and eudicots have the same tissues organized in different ways. For example, monocot seeds have one cotyledon; eudicot seeds have two. Section 25.2 Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma are simple tissues (each con- sists of only one type of cell). Parenchyma stays alive at maturity; mesophyll is photosynthetic parenchyma. Living cells in collenchyma have flexible walls that support fast-growing plant parts. Fibers and sclereids that support Plant Tissues are sclerenchyma cells, which die at maturity. Dermal and vascular tissues are complex (they consist of multiple cell types). Stomata open across epidermis, a dermal tissue that covers soft plant parts. In vascular tissue, water and dissolved minerals flow through vessels of xylem, and sugars travel through vessels of phloem. Section 25.3 Vascular bundles extending through stems conduct water and nutrients between different parts of the plant, and also help structurally support the plant. In most eudicot stems, vascular bundles form a ring that divides the ground tissue into cortex and pith. In monocot stems, the vascular bundles are distributed throughout the ground tis- sue. New shoots and roots form at nodes on stems. Stem special- izations such as rhizomes, corms, stem tubers, bulbs, cladodes, and stolons are adaptations for storage or reproduction in many types of plants. Section 25.4 Leaves, which are specialized for photosynthesis, contain mesophyll and vas- cular bundles (leaf veins) between upper and lower epidermis. Eudicots typically have two layers of mesophyll; monocots have one. Water vapor and gases cross the cuticle-covered epidermis at stomata. Section 25.5 Roots are specialized for absorbing water and nutrients from soil. Inside each is a vascular cylinder enclosed by a layer of endodermis.
eBook - PDFAmerican Herbal Pharmacopoeia
Botanical Pharmacognosy - Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines
- Roy Upton, Alison Graff, Georgina Jolliffe, Reinhard Länger, Elizabeth Williamson(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
. . . . . 115 Volatile Oils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 Tannins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Inulin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Major Tissue Types of Vascular Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 References and Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128 American Herbal Pharmacopoeia: Botanical Pharmacognosy — Microscopic Characterization of Botanical Medicines 104 Nature will bear the closest inspection. She invites us to lay our eye level with her smallest leaf, and take an insect view of its plain. Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862) Introduction Generally speaking, plants are composed of three basic organs: the shoot, leaf, and root (Figure 7.1). The shoot is the stem from which the leaves emerge, and the root is the subterranean portion of the plant that serves to anchor it and functions in nutrient uptake. These basic organs are sources for medicinal products. Rhizomes, tubers, and corms are modified stems that grow underground, and bulbs are fleshy leaves that grow underground. Bark refers to the outer layers of woody stem or root tissue. Flowers are modified leaves, fruits arise from flowers, and seeds develop either inside fruits (angiosperms) or exposed on modified leaves in the absence of fruits (gymnosperms). The importance of plant morphology to the micro- scopic identification of herbal ingredients lies in the ability to identify differences in plant anatomy that are charac- teristic of different plant parts. This section describes the basics of plant morphology so that readers can understand the terminology used in the Botanical Microscopy Atlas in this book.
eBook - PDF- Emea, A(Authors)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Agri Horti Press(Publisher)
The mixture can be no more precise than its vaguest ingredient. To deal with growth as an entity, which can be “activated,” “stimulated,” “retarded,” or “suppressed,” is only part science, and for the other part, fiction. The less we let our work and thoughts be misled by the delusion that “growth” is basically but a simple elementary process, like a “bimolecular reaction,” the faster will be our progress toward true insight into the real mechanisms of development. This ebook is exclusively for this university only. Cannot be resold/distributed. 193 Culturing of Plants 6 Culturing of Plants Cell Culture Plant tissue culture encompasses culturing of plant parts on an artificial medium. The plant parts can be a single cell, tissue or an organ. It is also referred to as micropropagation. Plant tissue culture was practically implemented for the first time by Haberlandt, a German scientist, in 1902. Later in 1934, Gautheret found successful results on in-vitro culture of plants. The basic key used in plant tissue culture is the totipotency of plant cells, meaning that each plant cell has the potential to regenerate into a complete plant. With this characteristic, plant tissue culture is used to produce genetically identical plants (clones) in the absence of fertilization, pollination or seeds. Plant tissue culture encompasses culturing of plant parts on an artificial medium. The plant parts can be a single cell, tissue or an organ. It is also referred to as micropropagation. Plant tissue culture was practically implemented for the first time by Haberlandt, a German scientist, in 1902. Later in 1934, Gautheret found successful results on in-vitro culture of plants. The basic key used in plant tissue culture is the totipotency of plant cells, meaning that each plant cell has the potential to regenerate into a complete plant.
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