Tissues and Organs

12 Key excerpts on "Tissues and Organs"

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  eBook - PDF

  Introduction to the Human Body

  • Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  In the chapters that follow, we will explore the anatomy and physiology of each of the body systems. Table 1.1 introduces the components and functions of these systems. As you study the body systems, you will discover how they work together to maintain health, protect you from disease, and allow for reproduction of the species. The organismal level is the largest level of organization. All of the systems of the body combine to make up an organism (OR-ga-nizm), that is, one human being. Systems join together to form an organism similar to the way chapters are put together to form a book. Checkpoint 1. What is the basic difference between anatomy and physiology? 2. Give your own example of how the structure of a part of the body is related to its function. 3. Define the following terms: atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organ, system, and organism. 4. Referring to Table 1.1, which body systems help eliminate wastes? 5 6 human body. Among the many types of cells in your body are muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells. Figure 1.1 shows a smooth muscle cell, one of three different kinds of muscle cells in your body. As you will see in Chapter 3, cells contain specialized structures called organelles, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, and lysosomes, that perform specific functions. The tissue level is the next level of structural organization. Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function. Cells join together to form tissues similar to the way words are put together to form sentences. The four basic types of tissue in your body are epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. The similarities and differences among the different types of tissues are the focus of Chapter 4. Note in Figure 1.1 that smooth muscle tissue consists of tightly packed smooth muscle cells. At the organ level, different kinds of tissues join together to form body structures.

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  eBook - ePub

  Radiation Biology of Medical Imaging

  • Charles A. Kelsey, Philip H. Heintz, Gregory D. Chambers, Daniel J. Sandoval, Natalie L. Adolphi, Kimberly S. Paffett(Authors)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER 1 Anatomy and Physiology

  Keywords

  Cell components, homeostasis, tissue growth, tissue repair, organs, organ systems

  Topics

  • Four main components of a cell
  • Four tissue groups
  • The difference between tissue growth and tissue repair
  • Organs and organ systems
  • The role of homeostasis

  Introduction

  The human body is a complex arrangement of chemicals and chemical reactions. Atoms are combined into specific arrangements creating the chemicals that are used in precise reactions. In addition to orderly reactions, the chemicals combine to form the complex substances that make living cells. Chemicals are nonliving components that allow cells, the basic units of all life, to perform all aspects of life. These characteristics include organization, growth, and reproduction. As can be seen in Fig. 1.1 , the organization and structure of the body begins with chemicals and progresses through greater levels of organization, beginning simply with cells and ending with the entire human body.

  Figure 1.1

  Organization of the body, beginning with chemicals combining into simple atoms and progressing through cells, tissues, organs, and, finally, the whole body. From Tortora and Nielsen (2012), figure 1.1, p. 5.

  The cell is the simplest structure of the human body. As the levels of organization expand, so does the complexity of the system. Groups of cells with the same, or similar, functions gather to form tissues. For instance, the primary function of pancreatic cells is to produce insulin whereas cells of the kidney aid in the filtration of blood. When a group of similar tissues function together, they become known as an organ. Most organs have several roles and belong to multiple organ systems. An organ system consists of multiple organs that function together and benefit the body as a whole. For example, the respiratory system, which consists primarily of the lungs, allows carbon dioxide to be exchanged for oxygen in the blood. The blood then delivers oxygen to cells throughout the body.

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  eBook - ePub

  Building Tissues

  An Engineer's Guide to Regenerative Medicine

  • Joseph W. Freeman, Debabrata Banerjee(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER 4

  Tissue Structure and Function 4.1    INTRODUCTION

  Before we can regenerate or “engineer” a tissue, we must first investigate the tissue. What are its functions, what is it made up of? What is its underlying architecture? In this section we will discuss the tissues of the body and how the structure of these tissues leads to their function in the body. As in most of the sections in this book, we will provide an overview of some important points with regard to each tissue. For more in-depth information we encourage you to seek other texts including the ones that we used for our background research. These texts include Physiology, edited by Berne, Levy, Koeppen, and Stanton; Vander’s Human Physiology: The Mechanisms of Body Function, edited by Widmaier, Raff, and Strang; Basic Orthopaedic Biomechanics, edited by Mow and Hayes; Human Physiology, edited by Roades and Pflanzer; and Tissue Mechanics by Cowin and Doty.

  1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5

  We will start with the most basic question: What is a tissue? A tissue is a group of cells with similar function and appearance. Specifically, a biological tissue is a collection of interconnected cells that perform a similar function within an organism. In our bodies, different organs have different functions, so they need different tissues to work together to carry out these functions. Although some tissues differ in their compositions, we find that many tissues are composed of the same large molecules. The differences lie in the amounts of these molecules and their arrangement in each tissue. Biological tissues vary in their thickness and complexity. The simplest tissues are found as membranes or sheets. These tissues combine to form organs, groups of organs form a system, and multiple systems make up the human body.

  4.2    TYPES OF TISSUES

  There are four basic types of tissues in the body, and each has a different function and different properties depending on the function. The four major types of tissues are connective, epithelial, muscular, and nervous. These tissues compose all of the organs and structures in the body.

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  Biology

  Concepts and Applications

  • Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr, , Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300 481 Core Concepts Animal Tissues and Organ Systems Interactions among the components of a biological system give rise to complex properties. Each animal tissue consists of specific cell types that collectively carry out a task or tasks. Tissues interact in organs, which in turn interact as components of organ systems. At all levels of organization, animal structure is shaped by natural selection, and constrained by physical and developmental factors. All organisms alive today are linked by lines of descent from shared ancestors. Shared core processes and features provide evidence that living things are related. Four types of tissues occur in all vertebrates. Epithelial tissues cover the body’s surfaces and line its cavities. Connective tissues provide support. Muscle tissues bring about movement. Nervous tissue receives, integrates, and communicates information. Living things sense and respond appropriately to their internal and external environments. Homeostatic mechanisms that involve negative feedback allow animals to maintain themselves by responding dynamically to internal and external conditions. Organisms keep their internal environment stable by returning a changed condition back to its target set point. Links to Earlier Concepts This chapter applies what you learned about levels of organization (Section 1.1) to animal bodies, and it expands on the nature of multicelled body plans (23.1). You may wish to review cell junctions (4.10), the surface-to-volume ratio (4.1), diffusion and transport proteins (5.6, 5.7), aerobic respiration (7.1), and energy conversion pathways (7.6). 28 Amputee Amanda Kitts tests a bionic arm developed at Johns Hopkins. Like an arm made of skin, muscle, and bone, it responds to signals from her nervous system. Photograph by Mark Thiessen, National Geographic Creative.

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  eBook - ePub

  Human Microanatomy

  Cell Tissue and Organ Histology with Celebrity Medical Histories

  • Stephen A. Stricker(Author)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Tissues, in turn, join together to create organs (Figure 1.1a), each of which comprises a discrete collection of interacting tissues with differing functional properties and developmental origins (Chapter 3). The structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs are the focus of histology (= Greek: “histo” [woven, web, tissue] + “logos” [study of]). Alternatively, because histological studies often rely on microscopes to analyze anatomical components, histology is also known as microscopic anatomy or microanatomy. Figure 1.1 Introduction to microanatomy and its size scales. (a) Microanatomy (=histology) analyzes the functional morphology of (i) cells, (ii) tissues (=integrated assemblages of cells plus their extracellular matrix [ECM]), and (iii) organs (=discrete collections of interacting tissues). (b) Some biological structures with conserved size ranges include (i) cells (typically 10–50 µm in diameter), (ii) mitochondria (∼0.5–1 µm wide), (iii) ribosomes (∼25 nm in diameter), and (iv) cell membranes (=plasma membranes) (7 nm thick). This book covers the fundamentals of human microanatomy from a biologically oriented point of view that incorporates developmental and evolutionary perspectives into its descriptions of functional morphology. Although medically relevant information is routinely presented, detailed depictions of pathological microanatomy are seldom included. Instead, this text aims to provide a concise account of the normal structure and function of cells, tissues, and organs. Accordingly, overviews of cell and tissue biology presented in Chapters 2 and 3 focus on essential background information needed for subsequent chapters covering specific cells and tissues in normally functioning organs. To help provide orientation for descriptions of organ-level microanatomy, many of the included micrographs have stitched together overlapping regions to generate wide-field panoramic views of whole organs or large portions of organs

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  Principles of Anatomy and Physiology

  • Gerard J. Tortora, Bryan H. Derrickson(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  106 CHAPTER 4 As you learned in Chapter 3, a cell is a complex collection of compartments, each of which carries out a host of biochemical reactions that make life possible. However, a cell seldom functions as an isolated unit in the body. Instead, cells usually work together in groups called tissues. The structure and properties of a specific tissue are influenced by factors such as the nature of the extracellular material that surrounds the tissue cells and the connections between the cells that compose the tissue. Tissues may be hard, semisolid, or even liquid in their consistency, a range exemplified by bone, fat, and blood. In addition, tissues vary tremendously with respect to the kinds of cells present, how the cells are arranged, and the type of extracellular material. Q Did you ever wonder whether the complications of liposuction outweigh the benefits? The Tissue Level of Organization The four basic types of tissues in the human body contribute to homeostasis by providing diverse functions including protection, support, communication among cells, and resistance to disease, to name just a few. Tissues and Homeostasis 4.1 Types of Tissues 107 distribution in the body. These tissues are components of most body organs and have a wide range of structures and functions. We will look at epithelial tissue and connective tissue in some detail in this chapter. The general features of bone tissue and blood will be intro- duced here, but their detailed discussion is presented in Chapters 6 and 19, respectively. Similarly, the structure and function of muscular tissue and nervous tissue are introduced here and examined in detail in Chapters 10 and 12, respectively. Normally, most cells within a tissue remain anchored to other cells or structures. Only a few cells, such as phagocytes, move freely through the body, searching for invaders to destroy. However, many cells migrate extensively during the growth and development process before birth.

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  Introduction to Molecular Biophysics

  • Jack A. Tuszynski, Michal Kurzynski(Authors)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  8

  Tissue and Organ Biophysics

  8.1 Introduction

  Multicellular organisms are arranged hierarchically into tissues, organs, and organ systems. Tissues are composed of colonies of cells and extracellular matrices. Some cells, e.g., white blood cells can migrate among tissues. Several different tissues may function jointly to form an organ, with one type of tissue designated to play the role of its skin. Organs may function cooperatively to form a system, e.g., the circulatory system, the nervous system, the immune system, the respiratory system, etc. (Cerdonio and Noble, 1986).

  Animal tissues are classified as epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve. Epithelial cells control the selective process of material transport. Connective tissue is composed of nerve cells, endothelial cells, and macrophages that remove debris. They also contain fibroblastic cells that are responsible for secreting extracellular matrix. Finally, connective tissue is criss-crossed by a network of collagen fibers of varying density. Osteoblasts are related to fibroblasts and inhabit the bones. Cartilage is produced by chondrocytes. Apidocytes are fat cells, distinguished by their round shapes and large sizes. Smooth muscle cells are filled with actin and myosin bundles. Muscle cells have four structurally distinct forms: skeletal, cardiac, smooth, and myoepithelial. Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are jointly referred to as striated muscle cells due to their appearance. Smooth muscle cells are mainly present in blood vessel walls and intestines.

  This chapter presents a panoramic view of the key organs and systems in human and animal bodies. Our focus is on physical phenomena and mechanisms behind the functioning of the systems, organs, and tissues. The level of sophistication employed in this chapter rarely exceeds introductory physics (Tuszynski and Dixon, 2002). Nonetheless, the combination of biological, physiological, chemical, and physical knowledge required makes this overview at times demanding. We begin by investigating the role of pressure that must be maintained by various organs in the human body for them to function properly.

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  Human Biology

  • Cecie Starr, Beverly McMillan(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Blood in the cardiovascular sys-tem rapidly carries nutrients and other substances to cells and transports products and wastes away from them. Your respiratory system delivers oxygen from air to your cardio-vascular system and takes up carbon dioxide wastes from it—and so it goes, throughout the entire body. n The human body’s organs are organized into eleven organ systems. n Link to Levels of biological organization 1.3 An organ is a combination of two or more kinds of tissue that together perform one or more functions. As an example, the stomach contains all four of the tissue types you have read about in previous sections (Fig-ure 4.9A). Its wall is mainly muscle, and nerves help regulate muscle contractions that mix and move food. Connective tissue provides support, while the stomach lining is epithelium. The stomach and many other major organs are located inside body cavities shown in Figure 4.9B. The cranial cavity and spinal cavity house your brain and spinal cord—the central nervous system. Your heart and lungs reside in the Figure 4.9 Animated! An organ consists of two or more tissues. A The four types of tissue in the stomach. B A side view of major body cavities where many organs are located. (© Cengage Learning) Epithelial tissue: Protection, secretion, and absorption Or gan system: A set of organs that interacts to car ry out a major body function Organ: Body structure that integrates different tissues and carries out a specific function Connective tissue: Structural support Muscle tissue: Movement Nervous tissue: Communication, coordination, and control Stomach cranial cavity spinal cavity thoracic cavity abdominal cavity pelvic cavity A B 4.8 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).

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  A Practical Guide to Decontamination in Healthcare

  • Gerald McDonnell, Denise Sheard, Gerald E. McDonnell(Authors)
  • 2012(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  2   Basic anatomy, physiology and biochemistry

  Introduction

  Anatomy is the study of the structure of living things and physiology is the study of how these structures function. This chapter gives a brief introduction into human ­anatomy and physiology, and in particular aims to give a basic understanding of the many terms that are used ­during surgical or interventional procedures. Similar language is used for the anatomy and physiology of animals, which may be a helpful introduction to some readers. Microbiology and microorganisms are specifically ­discussed in Chapter 5.

  Let us consider the structure of the human body, from what we can see, down to the very basis of life itself. A useful analogy is to consider the human body as an encyclopaedia, with various parts (i.e. organ systems) all the way down to the individual words and even letters (i.e. molecules and atoms) that make up the complete work (see Table 2.1 ). The human body is a complex, organized structure of various systems. There are eleven systems to consider and each one has a unique function. Examples include the nervous, respiratory, digestive and cardiovascular systems, which will be discussed later in further detail. As an example, the digestive system ­consists of various parts that allow us to eat and drink, breaking down food into various components, allowing nutrients to be absorbed into the body and ridding the body of any remaining wastes. Each system can be sub-divided into individual organs. In the digestive system organs include the mouth, stomach and intestines (small and large). It is important to note that many organs have shared functions; examples include the mouth being used for breathing (as part of the respiratory system) and ­eating/drinking (the digestive system).

  Each individual organ is made up of various tissues that work together to perform a specific function. There are only four basic types of tissues in the adult body: ­epithelial, muscular, nervous and connective:

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  Anatomy and Physiology of Farm Animals

  • Anna Dee Fails, Christianne Magee(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  The most important organelle, and the defining feature of eukaryotic cells, is the membrane bound nucleus that contains the genetic material for the organism (Fig. 1‐2). Detailed information about the remaining organelles and the structure of the individual cell is described in Chapter 2. Tissues are discussed in this chapter. Figure 1‐2. A cell as seen with an electron microscope. The lightly colored areas in the nucleus (euchromatin) indicate that this hepatic (liver) cell is actively undergoing transcription. a, rough endoplasmic reticulum; b, microvilli; c, mitochondrion; d, nuclear envelope; e, nucleolus; f, plasma membrane. Source : image courtesy of D.N. Rao Veeramachaneni, BVSc, MScVet, PhD, Professor of Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University. In complex animals, cells specialize in various functions to support the animal and the hierarchy of the organization of these cells is important when describing the anatomy of an animal. A group of specialized cells is a tissue. For example, cells that specialize in conducting impulses comprise nervous tissue whereas cells that specialize in holding structures together make up connective tissue. Various tissues are associated in functional groups called organs. The stomach is an organ that functions in digestion of food. A group of organs that participate in a common enterprise make up a system

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  Fundamentals of Applied Pathophysiology, 1st Asia-Pacific Edition, P-eBK

  • Ian Peate, Sufyan Akram, Michele Dowlman, Ellie Kirov, Bonnie Williams(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  CHAPTER 2 Cell and body tissue physiology TEST YOUR PRIOR KNOWLEDGE • Identify the three main parts of a human cell. • Describe the structure and function of a human cell. • Describe the phases of a cell cycle. • List the major cellular organelles. • Identify the four tissue types and explain the differences between them. LEARNING OBJECTIVES On completion of this chapter, you will be able to: 2.1 outline the structure and function of a human cell 2.2 describe the structure of the cell membrane and explain the cellular transport processes occurring at the cell membrane 2.3 describe the composition of the cytoplasm 2.4 describe the role of the cytoplasm in cellular function 2.5 describe the structure and function of the nucleus and the roles of DNA and RNA in cellular maintenance 2.6 explain the phases of the cell cycle and describe the events occurring during mitosis and meiosis 2.7 list and describe the functions of the cell organelles 2.8 describe the structure and function of epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue 2.9 explain the role of tissue repair including the symptoms and processes of the inflammatory response. Introduction To understand the human body and how it works (and also how it fails to work properly), it is important to understand the anatomy and physiology of the cell. Living organisms show wide diversity as regards their size, shape, colour, behaviour and habitat. There are however, many similarities between the cells of organisms, and this fundamental similarity is known as the ‘cell theory’. This theory states that all living organisms are composed of one or more cells and the products of cells. Despite the fact that the cells belong to different organisms, and cells within the same organism may have different functions, there are many similarities between them. For example, there are similarities in their chemical composition, their chemical and biochemical behaviour and in their detailed structure.

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  Biology Today and Tomorrow with Physiology

  • Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr, , Cecie Starr, Christine Evers, Lisa Starr(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 386 Summary Section 19.1 All animals have a capacity to replace some cells lost to injury. The replacement cells are derived from stem cells. Stem cells can divide to form more stem cells or differentiate to become one or more specialized cell types. All body parts develop from embryonic stem cells, which are pluripotent . Replacement tissues derived from cultured embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells made to behave like embryonic ones (iPSCs) could one day help treat disorders resulting from the death of cells that are otherwise irreplaceable. Section 19.2 Animal bodies are structurally and functionally organized on several levels. A tissue is a group of cells and intercellular substances that perform a common task. Tissues make up organs , which interact as organ systems . Activities at all levels contribute to homeostasis , the process of maintaining conditions inside the body within the range that body cells require. Animal structure and function have a genetic basis and are shaped by natural selection. Evolution modifies existing structures, a mechanism that explains why some aspects of body plans can seem less than optimal. Section 19.3 Most animals have four types of tissue. Epithelial tissues cover external body surfaces and line internal cavities and tubes. Tight junctions connect adjacent cells, and there is little matrix between cells. An epithelium has one free surface and one surface that is glued to an underlying tissue by its secretions.

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