Biological Sciences
Viral Immune Escape
Viral immune escape refers to the ability of viruses to evade the host's immune response, allowing them to persist and replicate in the body. This can occur through various mechanisms, such as mutations in viral proteins that are targeted by the immune system, or by inhibiting the host's immune response. Viral immune escape poses a challenge for the development of effective vaccines and antiviral therapies.
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3 Key excerpts on "Viral Immune Escape"
eBook - PDF- German Rosas-Acosta(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
Chapter 4 © 2013 Chakraborty et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. An Overview of the Immune Evasion Strategies Adopted by Different Viruses with Special Reference to Classical Swine Fever Virus S. Chakraborty, B.M. Veeregowda, R. Deb, and B.M. Chandra Naik Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/55435 1. Introduction Viruses are considered as extremely successful predators as they can replicate and control the host cell synthesizing machinery. Viruses have coevolved with their hosts and thus have limited pathogenicity in any immunocompromised natural host. Viruses can exist in two forms: extra cellular virion particles and intracellular genomes. Virions are more resistant to physical stress than genomes but are susceptible to humoral immune control. Nevertheless, to exist as a species, virus replication and transfer to a new host are essential. These processes are associated with the production of antigenic proteins that make the virus vulnerable to immune control mechanisms ‘warning’ the host of the presence of an invader [1]. There are two classes of viral immunoregulatory proteins: the proteins encoded by genes having sequence similarity with cellular genes and those coded by genes without any sequence similarity to cellular genes. The second class of protein may represent a paradigm for co-evolution [2]. During the period of coexistence with their hosts, viruses have learned how to manipulate host immune control mechanism.
- L.H.T. Van Der Ploeg(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
PART IV GENETIC MECHANISMS IN IMMUNE EVASION: MOLECULAR GENETICS OF PARASITIC ORGANISMS This page intentionally left blank 15 Escape from the Host Humoral Response: Examples from Two Microbial Pathogens MAGDALENE SO,* KAREN A. NORRIS,* A N D H. S. S E I F E R T ^Department of Molecular Biology Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation La Jolla, California 92037 and ^Department of Microbiology and Immunology Northwestern University Medical School Chicago, Illinois 60611 The success of a pathogen depends in part on its ability to escape from the host immune response. Numerous mechanisms have evolved for this pur-pose. Those studied in the most detail at the genetic level have been from pathogenic bacteria because of the relative ease with which many of these prokaryotes can be manipulated. However, data have accumulated in recent years on the molecular nature of immune evasion from a number of other systems. It is not the purpose of this article to give a comprehensive review of these systems. Rather, we would like to present data that address the issue of evasion of the host humoral response from the standpoint of two widely disparate pathogens: Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Trypanosoma cruzi. The pilin and PII proteins of N. gonorrhoeae are major virulence factors which undergo extensive and high-frequency antigenic variation. No animal model exists to test rigorously the hypothesis that antigenic variation in this bacterial pathogen serves the purpose of immune evasion. However, human volunteer studies have shown that inoculation of a single strain of the gono-coccus, producing one pilin type, invariably yields variants which produce other pilin types (1). Furthermore, studies of an epidemic whose source was 1 7 5 Immune Recognition and Evasion: Molecular Aspects of Host-Parasite Interaction Copyright © 1990 by Academic Press, Inc. All rights of reproduction in any form reserved.
eBook - ePubUnifying Microbial Mechanisms
Shared Strategies of Pathogenesis
- Michael F. Cole(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Garland Science(Publisher)
Trends in Immunology, 24(5): 278–285.Hernández-Chávez MJ et al. 2017. Fungal strategies to evade the host immune recognition. Journal of Fungi, 3: 51. doi:10.3390/jof3040051.Horn D. 2014. Antigenic variation in African trypanosomes. Molecular & Biochemical Parasitology, 195: 123–129.Horst D et al. 2011. Viral evasion of T cell immunity: Ancient mechanisms offering new applications. Current Opinion in Immunolology, 23(1): 96–103.Jain N, Fries BC. 2009. Antigenic and phenotypic variations in fungi. Cellular Microbiology, 11(12): 1716–1723.Katze MG, Korth MJ, Law GL, Nathanson N. 2016. Viral Pathogenesis: From Basics to Systems Biology. 3rd ed. Academic Press, Elsevier, London, UK.Khan N et al. 2012. Manipulation of costimulatory molecules by intracellular pathogens: Veni, vidi, vici!! PLoS Pathogens, 8(6): e1002676.Kotwal GJ, Kulkarni AP. 2013. Antigenic variation in microbial evasion of immune responses. In: eLS. John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK. doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001207.pub3.Lee SF. 1995. Active release of bound antibody by Streptococcus mutans. Infection and Immunity, 63(5): 1940–1946.Loker ES, Hofkin BV. 2015. Parasitology: A Conceptual Approach. Garland Science, New York.Maizels RM, McSorley HJ. 2016. Regulation of the host immune system by helminth parasites. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 138: 666–675.Morales RAV et al. 2015. Structural basis for epitope masking and strain specificity of a conserved epitope in an intrinsically disordered malaria vaccine candidate. Scientific Reports, 5: 10103. doi:10.1038/srep10103.Murphy K, Weaver C. 2016. Janeway’s Immunobiology. 9th ed. Garland Science, New York.Nash AA, Dalziel RG, Fitzgerald JR. 2015. Mim’s Pathogenesis of Infectious Disease. 6th ed. Elsevier, London, UK.Nathanson N. 2007. Viral Pathogenesis and Immunity. 2nd ed. Academic Press, Elsevier, London, UK.Nothelfer K et al. 2015. Pathogen manipulation of B cells: The best defence is a good offence. Nature Reviews Microbiology
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