Chemistry
Displacement Reactions
Displacement reactions occur when a more reactive element displaces a less reactive element from a compound. This type of reaction is common in redox reactions and is used in the extraction of metals from their ores. The displacement series is a useful tool for predicting which elements will displace others in a reaction.
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3 Key excerpts on "Displacement Reactions"
eBook - PDFSurvey of Progress in Chemistry
Volume 2
- Arthur F. Scott(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
(3) The Displacement Reactions on some sulfur-sulfur bonds can be correlated with the oxidative dimerization potential and the base strength NUCLEOPHILIC DISPLACEMENT AT THE SULFUR-SULFUR BOND 191 of the nucleophile (Edwards, 1954, 1956; Edwards and Pearson, 1962; Foss, 1950, 1961; R. E. Davis, 1962, 1963). (4) Sulfur chains are degraded or constructed in stepwise fashion in reactions of low molecularity (P. D. Bartlett, 1956, 1958, 1961a,b; R. E. Davis, 1958, 1961; R. E. Davis and Perrin, 1960). (5) Thermodynamic and quantum mechanical considerations can be given to clarify the nature of the intermediates and to eliminate various forms of sulfur on the basis of energetics or spin forbidden transitions (R. E. Davis and Perrin, 1960; R. E. Davis, 1961, 1963). (6) Reactions of sulfur in basic media can be controlled either by rate or perhaps by product depending on the presence or absence of sulfur dioxide and/or hydrogen sulfide (P. D. Bartlett et al., 1958, 1961a,b). II. The Displacement Reaction A. INTRODUCTION As many of the reactions to be discussed in this article have been postu-lated to be simple Displacement Reactions, it is profitable to review the current ideas on the displacement reaction. The generalized displacement reaction A + B—C -> A—B + C (1) can be defined as a process in which one bond between two atoms (B—C) is replaced by another bond between one of these atoms and a third. The ionic reaction X -+ R — Y -» X — R + Y~ (2) is called a substitution reaction by a nucleophilic (X~ seeking a positive nucleus center) reagent displaying second order kinetics. r a t e = -f i 3 = S S = t C X -: C R Y ] ( 3 ) Ingold, whose pioneering work has been reviewed (Ingold, 1953), refers to such a process as an £N2 reaction. The timing of bond breaking (R—Y) and bond forming (X—R) is concerted or almost nearly concerted; this leads logically to the second-order rate expression.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Academic Studio(Publisher)
Chapter 8 Chemical Reaction A thermite reaction using ferric oxide A chemical reaction is a process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another. Chemical reactions can be either spontaneous, requiring no input of energy, or non-spontaneous, typically following the input of some type of energy, viz. heat, light or electricity. Classically, chemical reactions encompass changes that strictly involve the motion of electrons in the forming and breaking of chemical bonds, although the general concept of a chemical reaction, in particular the notion of a chemical equation, is applicable to transformations of elementary particles, as well as nuclear reactions. ___________________WORLD TECHNOLOGIES____________________ The substance (or substances) initially involved in a chemical reaction are called reactants or reagents. Chemical reactions are usually characterized by a chemical change, and they yield one or more products, which usually have properties different from the reactants. Reactions often consist of a sequence of individual sub-steps, the so-called elementary reactions, and the information on the precise course of action is part of the reaction mechanism. Chemical reactions are described with chemical equations, which graphically present the starting materials, end products, and sometimes intermediate products and reaction conditions. Different chemical reactions are used in combination in chemical synthesis in order to obtain a desired product. In biochemistry, series of chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes form metabolic pathways, by which syntheses and decompositions impossible under ordinary conditions are performed within a cell. History Antoine Lavoisier developed the theory of combustion as a chemical reaction with oxygen Chemical reactions such as combustion in the fire, fermentation and the reduction of ores to metals were known since antiquity.
eBook - PDF- Ageetha Vanamudan(Author)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Delve Publishing(Publisher)
CHEMICAL REACTIONS CHAPTER5 CONTENTS 5.1 History of Chemical Reactions ........................................................... 77 5.2 Chemical Reactions of Various Types ................................................. 79 5.3 Several Theories Exist to Explain Acid-Base Reactions ........................ 87 5.4 Photolysis Reactions .......................................................................... 92 Introduction to Molecular Science 76 A chemical reaction occurs when one or more reactants are converted into one or more distinct products. Compounds and chemical elements are examples of substances. By rearranging the atoms of the reactants, chemical reactions produce a wide range of products. Chemical reactions are crucial in contemporary culture, technology, and even life itself. Fuel combustion, iron smelting, glass, and pottery manufacture, beer production, and the creation of wine and cheese are some examples of chemical processes that have been employed for millennia. In addition to the chemical reactions that occur in the earth’s crust, atmosphere, and seas, several complex processes occur in all living systems. It is necessary to distinguish between chemical reactions and physical changes. Physical transitions include ice melting into water and water evaporating to create vapor (Rastogi & Sani, 2011). A substance’s physical properties may change throughout metamorphosis, but its chemical identity does not. Water (H 2 O ) is the same substance regardless of its physical state since each molecule includes two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. When water reacts with sodium metal (Na), it produces molecular hydrogen (H 2 ) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). This denotes the occurrence of a chemical reaction or change. Understanding the fundamentals of chemical interactions. Figure 5.1: Chemical analysis of chemical reactants. Source: By No machine-readable author provided. Burn~commonswiki as- sumed (based on copyright claims).
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