IUPAC Nomenclature

11 Key excerpts on "IUPAC Nomenclature"

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  Handbook of Chemical Substances

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Learning Press

    (Publisher)

  An international conference was convened in Geneva in 1892 by the national chemical societies, from which the first widely accepted proposals for standardization arose. A commission was set up in 1913 by the Council of the International Association of Chemical Societies, but its work was interrupted by World War I. After the war, the task passed to the newly formed International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, which first appointed commissions for organic, inorganic and biochemical nomenclature in 1921 and continues to do so to this day. Types of nomenclature Organic chemistry The IUPAC Nomenclature of organic chemistry is a systematic method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Ideally, every organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be drawn. There is also an IUPAC nom-enclature of inorganic chemistry. The main idea of IUPAC Nomenclature is that every compound has one and only one name, and every name corresponds to only one structure of molecules (i.e. a one-one relationship), thereby reducing ambiguity. For ordinary communication, to spare a tedious description, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice except when it is necessary to give ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ a concise definition to a compound, or when the IUPAC name is simpler (viz. ethanol against ethyl alcohol). Otherwise the common or trivial name may be used, often derived from the source of the compound. Basic principles In chemistry, a number of prefixes, suffixes and infixes are used to describe the type and position of functional groups in the compound. The steps to naming an organic compound are: 1. Identify the parent hydrocarbon chain (The longest continuous chain of carbon atoms) 2.

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  Organic Chemist's Desk Reference

  • Caroline Cooper, Rupert Purchase(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  3 Nomenclature Fundamentals

  3.1 INTRODUCTION

  This and the following chapter are intended as a quick reference guide, and should not replace the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) publications for definitive guidance nor the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) 2007 documentation for a full description of the current CAS nomenclature system.

  Naming compounds accurately is important for publication, and the mainstream chemical journals require systematic nomenclature of new compounds. However, a compound may have several equally valid names, and a name intelligible to a fellow organic chemist may not be appropriate for publication in, for example, fire regulations. The function of nomenclature is to provide an acceptable name for a given compound in a particular context.

  Substructure searching is now used extensively for the indexing and location of known substances. For many purposes, it is sufficient to be able to recognise from the name that the correct compound has been tracked down as a result of searching by substructure, molecular formula and so on.

  Before publication, all available information on products should be checked to make sure a compound being reported is in fact new. For synthetic compounds, a structure search can be carried out against Chemical Abstracts and Reaxys (see Sections 1.1.1 and 1.1.2 ).

  For newly isolated natural products, Dictionary of Natural Products is the best source (Section 1.2.1 ). Duplicating trivial names when reporting new natural products is to be avoided. Names should be checked against the Dictionary of Natural Products or CAS.

  Nomenclature algorithms are available to generate names from structure drawing programs (see Section 3.9 ).

  FURTHER READING

  Fox, R. B. and Powell, W. H., Nomenclature of Organic Compounds, Principles and Practice

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  Organic Chemistry

  Fundamentals and Concepts

  • John M. McIntosh(Author)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter

    (Publisher)

  indexing of names so that information can be easily found. It differs from the standard IUPAC system in some small, but important ways. However, if you understand the IUPAC system, you will have no difficulty adapting to the Chemical Abstracts system as required in the future.

  For an introductory course in organic chemistry, you will be expected to master the basics of the IUPAC system only. For that reason, the following text will concentrate almost exclusively on this system. A very few trivial names will be mentioned at some points because, in the future, you will undoubtedly have to become familiar with these.

  How to Use This Text

  This book is designed to supplement the text for the first course in organic chemistry. The material will not only teach the nomenclature system, but also reinforce such important topics as stereochemistry and isomerism. To be fully effective, the book must be used in the manner intended; that is each question should be answered in the given sequence and if an incorrect answer is given, the reason for the error should be understood before further questions are attempted.

  Finally, many students may arrive in this course having received some prior instruction in organic nomenclature, frequently in high school. It is my experience that this exposure is usually well done, but can be incomplete and some errors, particularly in numbering systems, are common. It is to the students’ advantage to work the material in the suggested sequence even if it seems extraordinarily simple at first glance.

  Additional insights into nomenclature can be found in any introductory textbook on organic chemistry. In addition, there are several, more comprehensive, texts devoted entirely to nomenclature. However, they contain material that is not appropriate to this course and this booklet is an attempt to provide a focused view of the essentials of organic nomenclature.

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  Handbook of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

  Lipids Carbohydrates, Steroids

  • Gerald D. Fasman(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  The Commission at its meeting in Menton, May 7 to 8, 1971, has taken the view that the degree of uniformity envisaged in the Recommendations is highly desirable and therefore further recommends to all biochemical journals that the changes required should be made as soon as possible. The Commission recognizes that all journals will have to make some changes (in most cases these are minor) from their present established practices to implement these Recommendations in full. It considers that the possible objections of difficulties even for a commercial publisher with an established “house style” are outweighed by the advantage that conformity of style in the citation of references will prove to the authors, editors, and readers upon whom all journals depend for their existence.

  IUPAC Tentative Rules for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry Section E. Fundamental Stereochemistry *

  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

  Introduction

  This Section of the IUPAC Rules for Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry differs from previous Sections in that it is here necessary to legislate for words that describe concepts as well as for names of compounds.

  At the present time, concepts in stereochemistry (that is, chemistry in three-dimensional space) are in the process of rapid expansion, not merely in organic chemistry, but also in biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, and macromolecular chemistry. The aspects of interest for one area of chemistry often differ from those for another, even in respect to the same phenomenon. This rapid evolution and the variety of interests have led to development of specialized vocabularies and definitions that sometimes differ from one group of specialists to another, sometimes even within one area of chemistry.

  The Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry does not, however, consider it practical to cover all aspects of stereochemistry in this Section E. Instead, it has two objects in view: To prescribe, for basic concepts, terms that may provide a common language in all areas of stereochemistry; and to define the ways in which these terms may, so far as necessary, be incorporated into the names of individual compounds. The Commission recognizes that specialized nomenclatures are required for local fields; in some cases, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides and proteins, and steroids, international rules already exist; for other fields, study is in progress by specialists in Commissions or Subcommittees; and further problems doubtless await identification. The Commission believes that consultations will be needed in many cases between different groups within IUPAC and IUB if the needs of the specialists are to be met without confusion and contradiction between the various groups.

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  Handbook of Biochemistry

  Section A Proteins, Volume I

  • Gerald D Fasman(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Iupac Tentative Rules for the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry Section E. Fundamental Stereochemistry

  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

  Introduction

  This Section of the IUPAC Rules for Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry differs from previous Sections in that it is here necessary to legislate for words that describe concepts as well as for names of compounds.

  At the present time, concepts in stereochemistry (that is, chemistry in three- dimensional space) are in the process of rapid expansion, not merely in organic chemistry, but also in biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, and macromolecular chemistry. The aspects of interest for one area of chemistry often differ from those for another, even in respect to the same phenomenon. This rapid evolution and the variety of interests have led to development of specialized vocabularies and definitions that sometimes differ from one group of specialists to another, sometimes even within one area of chemistry.

  The Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry does not, however, consider it practical to cover all aspects of stereochemistry in this Section E. Instead, it has two objects in view: To prescribe, for basic concepts, terms that may provide a common language in all areas of stereochemistry; and to define the ways in which these terms may, so far as necessary, be incorporated into the names of individual compounds. The Commission recognizes that specialized nomenclatures are required for local fields; in some cases, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides and proteins, and steroids, international rules already exist; for other fields, study is in progress by specialists in Commissions or Subcommittees; and further problems doubtless await identification. The Commission believes that consultations will be needed in many cases between different groups within IUPAC and IUB if the needs of the specialists are to be met without confusion and contradiction between the various groups.

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  Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry

  Inorganic Chemistry Division Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry

  • Sam Stuart(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Pergamon

    (Publisher)

  Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry HOW TO NAME AN INORGANIC SUBSTANCE A Guide to the Use of 'Nomenclature of inorganic chemistry: definitive rules 1970' (the Red Book) Note of explanation. The IUPAC Commission on the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry issued first a set of rules for naming inorganic sub-stances in 1940. Subsequent revisions were published as Definitive Rules 1957 (also called 'The Red Book') and Definitive Rules 1970 (second edition of 'The Red Book 1 . 1 ) Although the rules are detailed and extensive, some chemists without a broad working knowledge of inorganic chemistry report that they find the rules difficult to apply to specific cases. It is hoped that this guide will aid all who have occasion to use The Red Book to locate more quickly those portions of the rules (indicated by rule number) that are pertinent to their areas of interest. It is the nature of nomenclature that no scheme for developing names can be utilized completely independently of nomenclature practices in other areas of chemistry. Further, nomenclature is a continually developing matter. Consequently, this guide contains a few references to the rules for the 'Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry' 2 ' 3 , indicated by prefixing a section letter (A, B, C, or D) to the rule number, and to a special report on the 'Nomenclature of Inorganic Boron Compounds'^. Section D of the organic rules' is particularly relevant to this guide because it is a joint effort of the Commissions on Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry and of Inorganic Chemistry and because it covers organometallic compounds, chains and rings with regular patterns of heteroatoms, and organic compounds con-taining phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, silicon and boron. Introduction. There is as yet no single pattern for the naming of inorganic substances. Instead, inorganic materials are divided into several major groups for each of which a definite pattern of nomenclature has de-veloped.

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  Chemical Information Mining

  Facilitating Literature-Based Discovery

  • Debra L. Banville(Author)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  NOTES AND REFERENCES 1. IUPAC names are systematic names generated according to guidelines issued by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry– (http://www.iupac.org). An over-view of their nomenclature efforts is provided online at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ IUPAC_nomenclature_of_organic_chemistry (accessed December 10, 2007). 2. CA index names are chemicals names issued according to the nomenclature standards of the Chemical Abstracts Service (http://www.cas.org). 3. CAS Registry Numbers are unique numerical identifiers for chemical compounds, polymers, biological sequences, mixtures, and alloys. (http://www.cas.org/newsevents/ 10digitrn.html; accessed December 11, 2007). 4. An EC-number is a seven-digit code allocated by the Commission of the European Communities for commercially available chemical substances within the European Union. This EC-number replaces the previous EINECS and ELINCS numbers issued by the same organization. (http://ecb.jrc.it/data-collection/; accessed December 11, 2007). 5. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry: http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_ home.html (accessed December 11, 2007). 6. Recommendations on Organic & Biochemical Nomenclature, Symbols & Terminology (http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/); The IUPAC Nomenclature Books Series(http:// www.iupac.org/publications/books/seriestitles/nomenclature.html). 7. An overview of the history of OCR –can be found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Optical_character_recognition (accessed December 8, 2007). 8. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Text Mining in Bioinformatics (TMBio) , Arlington, VA. BMC Bioinformatics, 2007, 8. Available at http://www.biomed central.com/1471-2105/8?issue=S9 (accessed December 25, 2007). 9. ACD/Name, Advanced Chemistry Development, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 10. The CAS Registry Number and Substance Counts, updated daily, is available at http:// www.cas.org/cgi-bin/cas/regreport.pl (accessed December 24, 2007).

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  Handbook of Biochemistry

  Section A Proteins, Volume II

  • Gerald D Fasman(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  At the present time, concepts in stereochemistry (that is, chemistry in three-dimensional space) are in the process of rapid expansion, not merely in organic chemistry, but also in biochemistry, inorganic chemistry, and macromolecular chemistry. The aspects of interest for one area of chemistry often differ from those for another, even in respect to the same phenomenon. This rapid evolution and the variety of interests have led to development of specialized vocabularies and definitions that sometimes differ from one group of specialists to another, sometimes even within one area of chemistry.

  The Commission on the Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry does not, however, consider it practical to cover all aspects of stereochemistry in this Section E. Instead, it has two objects in view: To prescribe, for basic concepts, terms that may provide a common language in all areas of stereochemistry; and to define the ways in which these terms may, so far as necessary, be incorporated into the names of individual compounds. The Commission recognizes that specialized nomenclatures are required for local fields; in some cases, such as carbohydrates, amino acids, peptides and proteins, and steroids, international rules already exist; for other fields, study is in progress by specialists in Commissions or Subcommittees; and further problems doubtless await identification. The Commission believes that consultations will be needed in many cases between different groups within IUPAC and IUB if the needs of the specialists are to be met without confusion and contradiction between the various groups.

  The Rules in this Section deal only with Fundamental Stereochemistry, that is, the main principles. Many of these Rules do little more than codify existing practice, often of long standing; however, others extend old principles to wider fields, and yet others deal with nomenclature that is still subject to controversy.

  Rule E-0

  The stereochemistry of a compound is denoted by an affix or affixes to the name that does not prescribe the stereochemistry; such affixes, being additional, do not change the name or the numbering of the compound. Thus, enantiomers, diastereoisomers, and cis–trans

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  A New Unifying Biparametric Nomenclature that Spans all of Chemistry

  The science of incorporating daily over 2,000 new names to a base of over 42 million compounds while still maintaining order

  • Seymour B. Elk(Author)
  • 2004(Publication Date)
  • Elsevier Science

    (Publisher)

  115 Chapter 3 Other significant differences from existing systems CHAPTER ABSTRACT: Because the objective of this treatise is to form a uniform nomenclature that spans all of chemistry, many of the starting premises that are the foundation of the disparate subdivisions of chemistry have been re-examined. These premises were mainly of a historical, rather than a rational, origin, and, in many instances have been shown to be inconsistent. In their place, choices have been made with a global, rather than a local, and with an analytic, rather than a synthetic, approach in mind. Beginning with the selection in Chapter 1 of a primary path, the nomenclature being developed eliminates: (1) the need for both SSSR (smallest set of smallest rings) in organic and chelation and dentation in inorganic chemistry, along with all of the consistency problems that these concepts created; (2) the use of a premier language; all ordering is based strictly on atomic number/weight; (3) subordinating any atom (e.g., hydrogen) in describing molecular structure. There is no need for a complicated system of artificial word endings to designate different functional groups. This is done by the particular juxtaposition of the atoms and bonds which expresses that function. All of the attributes associated with a functional group are described in terms of just the atoms and bonds involved. Moreover, by expanding the set of bonds that may be used, the nomenclature more closely approximates the actual geometry of the moiety being named. Significant differences from existent systems include the ability to distinguish between aliphatic and aromatic compounds in organic chemistry, as well as to nomenclate compounds that have unusual bonding patterns, such as the zero order bond in the propellanes, etc. In addition, comparable to coordinate systems in geometry, an alternative cylindrical nomenclature has been developed, which, in selected instances, produces a simpler name than the Cartesian name.

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  Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature

  IUPAC Recommendations 2008

  • Richard G Jones, Edward S Wilks, W. Val Metanomski, Jaroslav Kahovec, Michael Hess, Robert Stepto, Tatsuki Kitayama(Authors)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • Royal Society of Chemistry

    (Publisher)

  International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature IUPAC Recommendations 2008 Edited by: Richard G. Jones, Jaroslav Kahovec, Robert Stepto, Edward S. Wilks Michael Hess, Tatsuki Kitayama, W. Val Metanomski With advice from : Aubrey Jenkins and Pavel Kratochvíl Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature I U P A C R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 2 0 0 8 International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry Compendium of Polymer Terminology and Nomenclature I U P A C R E C O M M E N D A T I O N S 2 0 0 8 Issued by the Polymer Division Prepared for publication by Richard G. Jones University of Kent, Kent, UK Jaroslav Kahovec Academy of Sciences, Czech Republic Robert Stepto Manchester University, Manchester, UK Edward S. Wilks Hockessin, Delaware, USA Michael Hess University of Essen, Germany Tatsuki Kitayama Osaka University, Japan W. Val Metanomski CAS, Columbus, Ohio, USA With advice from Aubrey Jenkins Pavel Kratochvil Hassocks, Academy of Sciences, Sussex, UK Czech Republic. IUPAC ISBN: 978-0-85404-491-7 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library © International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 2009 All rights reserved Apart from fair dealing for the purposes of research for non-commercial purposes or for private study, criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003, this publication may not be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of The Royal Society of Chemistry or the copyright owner, or in the case of reproduction in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency in the UK, or in accordance with the terms of the licences issued by the appropriate Reproduction Rights Organization outside the UK.

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  The Practice of Medicinal Chemistry

  • Camille Georges Wermuth, David Aldous, Pierre Raboisson, Didier Rognan(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  In practice, this means that the number of trade names in one country is usually much higher than the number of active drug substances marketed and used. Nonproprietary names, also called generic or common names, are intended to be used as public property without restraint, that is, nobody should own any rights on their usage. These names are usually designated by national or international nomenclature commissions. Both trade names and nonproprietary names are normally published first in the form of proposals. Comments may be made and objections raised for a certain time period before final publication. Although nonproprietary names and trade names may appear similar in form to an outsider, there is, in fact, a big difference. First, nonproprietary names are designations to identify the active pharmaceutical drug substance rather than the final product. Secondly, the selection of a nonproprietary name follows established rules so that the name itself communicates to the medical and pharmaceutical health professional information about the therapeutic or pharmacological group to which the active drug substance belongs.

  III Drug Nomenclature

  A INNs for Pharmaceutical Substances

  1 History

  During the twentieth century, the rapid development of pharmaceutical chemistry has brought with it the need to identify large numbers of active drug substances by unique, universally available, and accepted names. The systematic chemical name, codified by international bodies including the International Union for Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and International Union of Biochemistry (IUB), has the advantage of unambiguously defining a specific chemical substance, but it is often very long, difficult to memorize, and practically incomprehensible for the nonchemist. Moreover, it gives no indication as to the therapeutic action of the substance.

  In order to avoid citation of difficult chemical names, generic names were created. In the beginning, however, different names were independently assigned to the same substance in different countries. For example, acetaminophen, N -(4-hydroxyphenyl) acetamide, 40-hydroxyacetanilide, p -acetamidophenol, N -acetyl-p-aminophenol, acetaminophen, and paracetamol are the same substance (see Figure 34.2

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