Chemistry
Nuclear Chemistry
Nuclear chemistry is the study of the chemical and physical properties of elements as influenced by changes in the structure of the atomic nucleus. It involves processes such as nuclear reactions, radioactive decay, and the production and use of radioactive materials. This field has applications in energy production, medicine, environmental monitoring, and materials science.
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7 Key excerpts on "Nuclear Chemistry"
eBook - PDF- Ageetha Vanamudan(Author)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- Delve Publishing(Publisher)
Nuclear Chemistry CHAPTER15 CONTENTS 15.1 Nuclear Reactions and Radiations ................................................. 263 15.2 Components of the Nucleus........................................................... 265 15.3 Nuclear Stability ............................................................................ 268 15.4 Nuclear Reactions ......................................................................... 270 15.5 Nuclear Decay Reactions .............................................................. 271 15.6 The Radioactive Decay Series ........................................................ 276 15.7 Interaction of Nuclear Radiation With Matter................................. 277 Introduction to Molecular Science 262 Nuclear Chemistry is part of the branches of chemistry. It deals with radioactivity, nuclear processes, and transformation in the nuclei of atoms. Some of the transformations in the nucleus of atoms include nuclear properties and nuclear transmutation. Nuclear Chemistry can also be defined as the chemistry of radioactive elements such as radon, radium and actinides together with the chemistry associated with equipment that are designed to perform nuclear processes. Some of the equipment are nuclear reactors. It includes the corrosion of surfaces and behavior under conditions of normal and abnormal operation such as accidents (Mendoza & Núñez, 2009). One of the important area in Nuclear Chemistry is the behavior of the object and materials after being placed in the Buckhead waste storage and disposal site. Nuclear Chemistry includes the study of chemical effects that result from the absorption of radiation within plants, animals and other materials. The study of radiation in chemistry is referred to as radio chemistry and it controls much of radiation biology as radiation is able to affect living things at the molecular scale. It can also be explained by radiation altering biochemicals within an organism.
eBook - PDF- Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson(Authors)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Openstax(Publisher)
INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 21 Nuclear Chemistry 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability 21.2 Nuclear Equations 21.3 Radioactive Decay 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation The chemical reactions that we have considered in previous chapters involve changes in the electronic structure of the species involved, that is, the arrangement of the electrons around atoms, ions, or molecules. Nuclear structure, the numbers of protons and neutrons within the nuclei of the atoms involved, remains unchanged during chemical reactions. This chapter will introduce the topic of Nuclear Chemistry, which began with the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by French physicist Antoine Becquerel and has become increasingly important during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, providing the basis for various technologies related to energy, medicine, geology, and many other areas. Figure 21.1 Nuclear Chemistry provides the basis for many useful diagnostic and therapeutic methods in medicine, such as these positron emission tomography (PET) scans. The PET/computed tomography scan on the left shows muscle activity. The brain scans in the center show chemical differences in dopamine signaling in the brains of addicts and nonaddicts. The images on the right show an oncological application of PET scans to identify lymph node metastasis. CHAPTER OUTLINE 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability LEARNING OBJECTIVES By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe nuclear structure in terms of protons, neutrons, and electrons • Calculate mass defect and binding energy for nuclei • Explain trends in the relative stability of nuclei Nuclear Chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The chapter on atoms, molecules, and ions introduced the basic idea of nuclear structure, that the nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, with the exception of neutrons.
eBook - PDF- Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley, William R. Robinson(Authors)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Openstax(Publisher)
Chapter 21 Nuclear Chemistry Figure 21.1 Nuclear Chemistry provides the basis for many useful diagnostic and therapeutic methods in medicine, such as these positron emission tomography (PET) scans. The PET/computed tomography scan on the left shows muscle activity. The brain scans in the center show chemical differences in dopamine signaling in the brains of addicts and nonaddicts. The images on the right show an oncological application of PET scans to identify lymph node metastasis. Chapter Outline 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability 21.2 Nuclear Equations 21.3 Radioactive Decay 21.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy 21.5 Uses of Radioisotopes 21.6 Biological Effects of Radiation Introduction The chemical reactions that we have considered in previous chapters involve changes in the electronic structure of the species involved, that is, the arrangement of the electrons around atoms, ions, or molecules. Nuclear structure, the numbers of protons and neutrons within the nuclei of the atoms involved, remains unchanged during chemical reactions. This chapter will introduce the topic of Nuclear Chemistry, which began with the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by French physicist Antoine Becquerel and has become increasingly important during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, providing the basis for various technologies related to energy, medicine, geology, and many other areas. Chapter 21 | Nuclear Chemistry 1147 21.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe nuclear structure in terms of protons, neutrons, and electrons • Calculate mass defect and binding energy for nuclei • Explain trends in the relative stability of nuclei Nuclear Chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The chapter on atoms, molecules, and ions introduced the basic idea of nuclear structure, that the nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, with the exception of 1 1 H, neutrons.
eBook - PDF- William R. Robinson, Edward J. Neth, Paul Flowers, Klaus Theopold, Richard Langley(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Openstax(Publisher)
Chapter 20 Nuclear Chemistry Figure 20.1 Nuclear Chemistry provides the basis for many useful diagnostic and therapeutic methods in medicine, such as these positron emission tomography (PET) scans. The PET/computed tomography scan on the left shows muscle activity. The brain scans in the center show chemical differences in dopamine signaling in the brains of addicts and nonaddicts. The images on the right show an oncological application of PET scans to identify lymph node metastasis. Chapter Outline 20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability 20.2 Nuclear Equations 20.3 Radioactive Decay 20.4 Transmutation and Nuclear Energy 20.5 Uses of Radioisotopes 20.6 Biological Effects of Radiation Introduction The chemical reactions that we have considered in previous chapters involve changes in the electronic structure of the species involved, that is, the arrangement of the electrons around atoms, ions, or molecules. Nuclear structure, the numbers of protons and neutrons within the nuclei of the atoms involved, remains unchanged during chemical reactions. This chapter will introduce the topic of Nuclear Chemistry, which began with the discovery of radioactivity in 1896 by French physicist Antoine Becquerel and has become increasingly important during the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, providing the basis for various technologies related to energy, medicine, geology, and many other areas. Chapter 20 | Nuclear Chemistry 1099 20.1 Nuclear Structure and Stability By the end of this section, you will be able to: • Describe nuclear structure in terms of protons, neutrons, and electrons • Calculate mass defect and binding energy for nuclei • Explain trends in the relative stability of nuclei Nuclear Chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The chapter on atoms, molecules, and ions introduced the basic idea of nuclear structure, that the nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, with the exception of 1 1 H, neutrons.
eBook - PDF- Young, William Vining, Roberta Day, Beatrice Botch(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Vladmir Fedorchuk/Fotolia.com Unit Outline 25.1 Nuclear Reactions 25.2 Nuclear Stability 25.3 Kinetics of Radioactive Decay 25.4 Fission and Fusion 25.5 Applications and Uses of Nuclear Chemistry In This Unit… Your study of chemistry to this point has been overwhelmingly based on the study of electrons and how they interact. Strikingly absent from the conversation to this point has been the nucleus of the atom. We dis-cussed the nucleus in Atoms and Elements (Unit 2) when describing the components of an atom, how an atom gets its identity (the number of protons in the nucleus), and isotopes. We also talked about how the nucleus contains more than 99.9% of the mass of an atom but less than 0.00000000000001% of its total volume. Aside from that, the nucleus has been considered unchangeable throughout our study of chemistry. This is for a good reason; most of the time, nuclei are perfectly stable and do not change. This unit explores situations when nuclei do react and undergo change. 25 Nuclear Chemistry Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300 Unit 25 Nuclear Chemistry 804 25.1 Nuclear Reactions 25.1a Nuclear vs. Chemical Reactions In a chemical reaction, electrons move from one environment to another, and almost all reactions are accompanied by energy being absorbed or released when those electrons move. In a nuclear reaction , the particles in the nucleus, not the electrons, undergo change, and these changes are also accompanied by an exchange of energy with the surroundings. Unlike chemical reactions, which involve changes to the number, arrangement, or envi-ronment of electrons, nuclear reactions involve changes in the number and types of parti-cles in the nucleus. The exchange of energy in a nuclear reaction is similar to what happens during chemical reactions, but the scale of the energy exchanged is not at all similar.
eBook - PDF- David A. Ucko(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
SEVENTEEN Nuclear Chemistry In previous chapters we studied chemical properties and reactions, which depend on the number and arrangement of the outermost elec-trons in atoms. Nuclear reactions, on the other hand, involve the pro-tons and neutrons within the nuclei of atoms. Nuclear Chemistry, the study of changes in the nuclei of atoms, is presented in this chapter. We describe radiation, which is produced by nuclear changes, and discuss its uses and effects. To demonstrate an understanding of Chap-ter Seventeen, you should be able to: 1 Identify the types of radiation emitted by radioactive atoms. 2 Interpret equations for nuclear reactions. 3 Describe a radioactive decay series. 4 Describe how radioisotopes can be produced. 5 Explain the relationship between matter and energy. 6 Describe the significance of nuclear binding energy. 7 Relate the processes of fission and fusion to nuclear stability. 8 Define half-life and describe its application. 9 Describe the major methods for detecting radiation, and units for measuring it. 10 Give general applications of radiation and radioisotopes. 11 Describe the short-term and long-term effects of radiation on human health. The nuclei of certain atoms are unstable. As these nuclei break down, they release particles and energy, which we call nuclear radiation. Nuclei that emit radiation are called radioactive nuclei. The process of nuclear breakdown or decay in which nuclei emit radiation is known as radioactivity. 557 17.1 RADIOACTIVITY Radioactivity was first observed by the French scientist Henri Bec-querel in 1896 when he placed a uranium salt next to a covered piece of photographic film. Much to his surprise, the film became exposed even though no visible light had reached it. Becquerel concluded that the uranium had emitted an invisible form of energy which exposed the film.
eBook - PDF- Arthur Adamson(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
Contemporary power-producing nuclear reactors may use plutonium or 2 3 5 U enriched uranium. Uranium- or plutonium-containing ceramic rods may, for example, be spaced in a bath of heavy water, or, if sufficiently enriched, in ordinary water. The fission energy appears ultimately as heat, of course, and heat exchangers transfer this heat to a working fluid which is then used for power generation. 22-CN-3 Nuclear Chemistry The term Nuclear Chemistry applies to the study of the properties of nuclei and of fundamental particles. It is possible, for example, to draw inferences about the size, shape, and ease of deformation of nuclei from a study of how they scatter high-energy particles such as protons or neutrons. It appears that most nuclei are not spherical but are prolate ellipsoids. Scattering experiments also allow a map-ping of nuclear energy states. These states are quantized and charts of them look much like those from atomic spectroscopy. We have considered nuclei to be made up of neutrons and protons, with the implication that these last are fundamental particles. Actually, the experiments of high-energy physics have disclosed some 80 fundamental particles. These may be classified as baryons, which are heavy particles and include the proton and the neutron, mesons, whose rest masses range down to about 0.1 mass units, and leptons, which comprise the electron, the mu particle, and the neutrino. The study of the properties of these particles has led to the formulation of several quantities which are conserved in nuclear processes. In addition to charge, mass number, spin angular momentum, and parity, quantities called hypercharge, isotopic spin, and strangeness have been defined [see Chew et al. (1964)]. It also appears that for every elementary particle there is an antiparticle; the two annihilate each other in a collision. Thus the positron is the antimatter equiv-alent of the electron.
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