Chemistry
Types of Organic Compounds
Organic compounds are classified into several types based on their functional groups and structures. Some common types include alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, esters, and amines. Each type has distinct properties and reactivity, making them important in various chemical reactions and biological processes.
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7 Key excerpts on "Types of Organic Compounds"
eBook - PDF- Rose Marie O. Mendoza(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Arcler Press(Publisher)
Fundamentals of Organic Compounds and Their Characteristics Chapter 1 CONTENTS 1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................ 2 1.2. Historical Background ........................................................................ 2 1.3. Carbon Bonding ................................................................................. 4 1.4. Organic Functional Groups ................................................................ 6 1.5. Spectroscopy of the Organic Compounds ......................................... 17 References ............................................................................................... 27 Elementary Organic Spectroscopy 2 1.1. INTRODUCTION Generally, organic compounds are the substances which contain carbon (C). The carbon atoms are responsible for the main structural framework which generates the vast range of the organic compounds. All the things on Earth (and probably elsewhere in-universe) which can be defined as living have the crucial dependence on the organic compounds. Biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and fats are organic. The vital substances such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin, hormones, enzymes, and vitamins are also organic compounds. Other materials which add to the health, comfort or convenience of the humans are composed of the organic compounds, including the clothing made of silk, cotton, wool, and synthetic fibers. Fuels and its sources such as petroleum, wood, natural gas and coal; components of the protective coatings like enamels, paints, varnishes, and lacquers; antibiotics and the synthetic drugs; dyes; plastics; natural and the synthetic rubber; and pesticides are composed of the organic compounds (Fang et al., 2001).
eBook - PDF- Stephen G Rees-Jones(Author)
- 1987(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
1 Basic organic chemistry Atoms of carbon form strong bonds with other carbon atoms and with those of hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen; the majority of the materials dealt with in this book are made up of compounds formed from these elements. Carbon also combines with the halogens (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine, in diminishing order of the strength of the carbon-halogen bond), with sulphur and phosphorus, and with many other elements including some of the metals, though compounds of this last type are often unstable or very reactive. Enormous numbers of individual organic compounds are known and there is no theoretical limit as to how many could, or may in fact, exist. Part of the reason for this is that carbon is tetravalent, i.e. each carbon atom can form bonds with up to four other atoms. Rather than attempt a formal presentation of the theory of chemical bonding (which is to be found in all organic chemistry textbooks) only some aspects of it will be touched on in this book. Initially it will suffice to say that organic compounds can be represented on paper, and by models, as if they were made up of particulate atoms linked by single or multiple bonds of specific length (represented by lines in structural formulae on paper, by wires or rods in models), arranged in a space of three dimensions. While simplistic and naive-seeming, such a representation of the structures of compounds is nevertheless of extraordinary value in explaining and predicting properties and chemical behaviour. Most of the great achievements of synthetic organic chemistry are the result of visualizing molecular structure in such a way, alongside a concomitant understanding of the properties and reactions of functionalgroups: the hydro xyl group ( — OH), the carboxyl group (—COOH), the amino group (—NH 2 ) etc. The basic composition of a compound is expressed as its empirical formula.
eBook - PDFChemistry
The Molecular Nature of Matter
- Neil D. Jespersen, Alison Hyslop(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
At the molecular level of life, nature uses compounds of carbon. The amazing variety of living systems, down to the uniqueness of each individual, is possible largely because of the prop- erties of this element. In this chapter we will introduce you to organic chemistry. LEARNING OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: • write structural formulas for organic compounds, highlighting their functional groups • describe the nomenclature rules and major reactions of alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons • describe the names and typical reactions of common alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters • describe the names and typical reactions of amines and amides • explain the structures, synthesis, and properties of polymers • name common carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins and describe their properties • explain how the structures of DNA and RNA enable the transmission of genetic information and the synthesis of proteins 22.1 | Organic Structures and Functional Groups Organic chemistry is the study of the preparation, properties, and reactions of those compounds of carbon not classified as inorganic. The latter include the oxides of carbon, the bicarbonates and carbonates of metal ions, the metal cyanides, and a handful of other compounds. There are tens of millions of known carbon compounds, and all but a very few are classified as organic. Uniqueness of the Element Carbon What makes the existence of so many organic compounds possible is the ability of carbon atoms to form strong covalent bonds to each other while at the same time bonding strongly to atoms of other nonmetals. For example, molecules in the plastic polyvinylchloride, which is used to make the polymer beads in the chapter-opening photograph, have carbon chains that are thousands of carbon atoms long, with hydrogen and chlorine atoms attached to the carbon atoms. polyvinylchloride (small segment of one molecule) C C C H H etc.
eBook - PDF- John Kenkel(Author)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .344 Chemistry of Carbon and Its Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Hybridization of Orbitals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 Geometry around Bonded Carbon Atoms . . . . . . . . . . . .346 Physical Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .348 Hydrocarbons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 350 Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen . . . . . . . . . . . . 362 Summaries of Hydrocarbon and Oxygen Classifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370 Homework Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 376 14 Chapter Organic Chemicals Basic Chemistry Concepts and Exercises 344 14.1 Introduction Organic chemistry is the chemistry of those compounds (organic chemicals) that are derived from living systems or systems that were once living . You might have heard the expression that life on Earth is carbon-based . This means that all organic chemicals have carbon in their structure and that there are relatively very few compounds of carbon that are not organic (e .g, CO 2 , CO, and metal carbonates and carbides) . Therefore we can also say that organic chemistry is the chemistry of compounds of carbon . Organic chemicals make up the vast majority of all compounds that exist, so this is a very important branch of chemistry . Our major source of organic compounds is petroleum . Petroleum results from the decay of living systems over time . It is interesting to imagine that the trees, grasses, animals, and other living things from years past have been folded into the Earth and have decayed to produce the pockets of crude oil under the surface of the Earth worldwide . Chemicals found in crude oil have been useful for so many of our daily interactions with mat-ter .
eBook - PDFChemistry
An Industry-Based Introduction with CD-ROM
- John Kenkel, Paul B. Kelter, David S. Hage(Authors)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
6.6 Hydrocarbons The fact that there are millions of organic compounds dictates that we must find an alternative to studying them one by one. Chemical and physical properties of these compounds depend on the structural features that these compounds have. The traditional method of studying organic chemistry is to divide the huge number of compounds into classifications based on individual structural features and then to study these classifications, thus simplifying the study of both structure and properties. This will be our approach here. The structural features that place compounds into their particular classifications are called func-tional groups . The first classification we will study is the group called the hydrocarbons. The vast majority of organic compounds have hydrogen atoms bonded to the carbon atoms. Those that have only carbons and hydrogens (and no other elements) are called hydrocarbons . Functional groups within the broader hydrocarbon classification include the carbon-carbon single bond, the carbon-carbon double bond, and the carbon-carbon triple bond. Compounds with these functional groups fall under the general heading of aliphatic hydrocarbons . Aliphatic hydrocarbons that have nothing but single bonds between carbons are called alkanes . They are also called saturated aliphatic hydrocarbons since they contain as many hydrogens as they can have. Aliphatic hydrocarbons that have at least one Chemistry Professionals at Work CPW Box 6.3 F LUCTUATING V ISCOSITIES iscosity, a liquid’s fluidity or ability to flow (see Section 7.8), is sometimes measured as a test of the quality of a liquid pharmaceutical preparation. One pharmaceutical quality assurance laboratory relates the story that routine viscosity measurements made over a period of days by a chemistry technician on successive lots of a particular preparation were fluctuating.
eBook - PDF- P Karlson(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
C H A P T E R Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry Biochemistry deals with carbon compounds and the reactions they undergo in living organisms. Organic chemistry, the chemistry of carbon compounds, therefore, is basic to biochemistry. The chemistry of natural products and biochemistry overlap extensively and lack a clearly defined border. Numerous compounds that have only recently been recognized as intermediates of metabolism had long been known in organic chemistry. A good knowledge of organic chemistry, in particular, a thorough appreciation of structural formulas, therefore, is a prerequisite for an intelligent study of biochemistry. The following brief outline is not intended to replace a course in organic chemistry, but rather is to serve as a handy reference for selected compounds and for reactions of special significance in biochemistry. 1. Hydrocarbons as Parent Substances The great variety of organic compounds arises from the ease with which carbon atoms can attach to each other to form chain compounds. Since carbon is tetravalent, a great many possibilities for branching arise, leading to a staggering number of carbon skeletons. If the remaining valence bonds are filled with hydrogen, then we speak of the resulting compound as a hydrocarbon. From a systematic viewpoint, hydrocarbons are the parent substances of all organic compounds; in practice, however, they are very rarely used to prepare other classes of compounds. The molecular formulas of all saturated open-chain hydrocarbons are represented by the general formula C n H 2n + 2 · Every time an open chain closes to a ring, irrespective of size of the ring, two hydrogen atoms are lost with a corresponding change in the molecular formula. Thus it becomes possible to deduce from the molecular formula of a saturated hydrocarbon such as cholestane, C 2 7 H 4 8 (parent substance of cholesterol), that there must be four rings in its carbon skeleton. 1 I
eBook - PDFGeneral Introduction: Hydrocarbons, Halogen Derivatives
A Modern Comprehensive Treatise
- S. Coffey(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Elsevier(Publisher)
In the t y p e t h e o r y organic c o m p o u n d s were related to a n u m b e r of f u n d a m e n t a l inorganic t y p e s , h y d r o g e n , h y d r o g e n chloride, water, a m m o n i a , from w h i c h t h e y could be o b t a i n e d b y s u b s t i t u t i n g c o m p o u n d radicals for h y d r o g e n . T h u s : H C 2 H 5 C N H / H J H / Hydrogen Ethane Hydrogen cyanide H I C 2 H 5 | C 2 H 3 CM CI J CI / CI / Hydrogen chloride Ethyl chloride Acetyl chloride H ) 0 C 2 H 5 | Q C.H, H J H / C 2 x x 5 Water Alcohol Ether H | C H 3 ] C 2 H 3 0 * H N C H 3 I N H 1 N H J C H 3 J H ) Ammonia Trimethylamine Acetamide More c o m p l e x c o m p o u n d s h a d to b e referred to c o m p o u n d a n d m i x e d t y p e s . T h u s e t h y l e n e g l y c o l could be w r i t t e n as a d o u b l e w a t e r t y p e a n d urea as a d o u b l e a m m o n i a t y p e : H ) O H 2 } N C 2 H 4 ^ C O ^ H 4 } ° H 2 } N Glycol Urea A n excellent a c c o u n t of the early theories of the constitution of organic c o m p o u n d s a n d of their assimilation into the structural t h e o r y is g i v e n in the E n g l i s h translation of Ernst von Meyer's H i s t o r y of C h e m i s t r y ' ' , M a c m i l l a n a n d C o . , L o n d o n , 1906. (b) Classical period 1858-1916 — Structural theory based on valency T h e second period starts in 1858, the y e a r of the birth of m o d e r n structural theory. S i x y e a r s earlier Sir Edward Frankland h a d published a paper (Phil. T r a n s . , 1852, 142, 417) in w h i c h he h a d deduced, from a s t u d y of the c o m p o s i t i o n of metallo-organic c o m p o u n d s , that e a c h element has a definite
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