Computer Science
AND Operator in C
The AND operator in C is a logical operator that returns true if both operands are true, and false otherwise. It is represented by the symbol && and is commonly used in conditional statements and loops to test multiple conditions simultaneously.
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eBook - ePubC Programming
Learn to Code
- Sisir Kumar Jena(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Chapman and Hall/CRC(Publisher)
Table 6.4 .- The logical operator && and || act upon two operands, but the logical NOT operator acts upon one operand;
- The results of these operators are either true or false.
The truth table of the AND, OR, and NOT operators is shown in Table 6.5 .- In logical AND, when both the inputs are 1, the output is 1, and 0 otherwise;
- In logical OR, when both the inputs are 0, the output is 0, and 1 otherwise;
- For the NOT operator, when the input is 1, the output is 0, and vice versa.
Let us take one programming example and analyze how the compiler executes the code. Figure 6.5 shows an example program to understand the working of the && operator.Figure 6.5 Program showing the operation of Logical AND.Table 6.4 Logical OperatorsSl. No. Operators Meaning 1 && Logic AND 2 || Logic OR 3 ! Logic NOT Table 6.5 Truth Table of the (a) AND, (b) OR, and (c) NOT Operators(a) A B A && B 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 1 1 (b) A B A || B 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 (c) A !A 0 1 1 0 The output of the above program will be 0 (zero). Because, a < b it will yield 1 and b > c will yield 0. Now a && b will be 0. Finally, 0 is assigned to d. Hence, we get the output d = 0. See Figure 6.6 for easy understanding. The numbers 1 through 4 represent the sequence of execution.Figure 6.6 Execution steps of example program.6.6 Increment and Decrement Operators
The C language provides two special operators ++ and – –, called increment and decrement operators. These are unary operators because they operate only on one operand. The operand must be a variable and not a constant.Example:- x++ is valid but 5++ is not valid;
- – – y is valid but – –7 is not valid.
The ++ operator will increment the value of a variable by 1, and the – – operator will decrement the value of a variable by 1. Let us take a simple example to understand how it works (see Figure 6.7
eBook - PDF- Joyce Farrell(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
138 C H A P T E R 4 Making Decisions Copyright 2018 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300 Using the AND Operator Most programming languages allow you to ask two or more questions in a single comparison by using a conditional AND operator , or more simply, an AND operator that joins decisions in a single expression. For example, if you want to bill an extra amount to cell phone customers who make more than 100 calls that total more than 500 minutes in a billing period, you can use nested decisions, as shown in the previous section, or you can include both decisions in a single expression by writing an expression such as the following: callsMade > CALLS AND callMinutes > MINUTES When you use one or more AND operators to combine two or more Boolean expressions, each Boolean expression must be true for the entire expression to be evaluated as true. For example, if you ask, “Are you a native-born U.S. citizen and are you at least 35 years old?” the answer to both parts of the question must be yes before the response can be a single, summarizing yes . If either part of the expression is false, then the entire expression is false. The conditional AND operator in Java, C 11 , and C# consists of two ampersands, with no spaces between them (&&). In Visual Basic, you use the keyword And . This book uses AND . One tool that can help you understand the AND operator is a truth table. Truth tables are diagrams used in mathematics and logic to help describe the truth of an entire expression based on the truth of its parts. Quick Reference 4-3 contains a truth table that lists all the possibilities with an AND operator. As the table shows, for any two expressions x and y, the expression x AND y is true only if both x and y are individually true. If either x or y alone is false, or if both are false, then the expression x AND y is false.
eBook - PDF- Joyce Farrell(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Logically, the AND operation corresponds to multiplication. If you assume that 1 is true and 0 is false, then true AND true is true because 1 * 1 is 1. All the other combinations are false because 1 * 0, 0 * 1, and 0 * 0 all evaluate to 0. When you use an AND operator, you must realize that the question you place first is the one that will be asked first, and cases that are eliminated based on the first question will not proceed to the second question. In other words, each part of an expression that uses an AND operator is evaluated only as far as necessary to determine whether the entire expression is true or false. This feature is called short-circuit evaluation . The computer can ask only one question at a time; even when you design your logic using the AND operator like the second example in Figure 3-9, the computer will execute the logic shown in the nested example. You never are required to use the AND operator because using nested if statements can always achieve the same result. However, using the AND operator often makes your code more concise, less error-prone, and easier to understand. Using an AND operator does not eliminate your responsibility for determining which condition to test first because the computer makes decisions one at a time, and makes them in the order you ask them. If the first question in an AND expression evaluates to false, then the entire expression is false, and the second question is not even tested. The conditional AND operator in Java, C++, and C# consists of two ampersands, with no spaces between them ( && ).
eBook - PDF- Joyce Farrell(Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
138 C H A P T E R 4 Making Decisions Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Using the AND Operator Most programming languages allow you to ask two or more questions in a single comparison by using a conditional AND operator, or more simply, an AND operator that joins decisions in a single expression. For example, if you want to bill an extra amount to cell phone customers who make more than 100 calls that total more than 500 minutes in a billing period, you can use nested decisions, as shown in the previous section, or you can include both decisions in a single expression by writing an expression such as the following: callsMade > CALLS AND callMinutes > MINUTES When you use one or more AND operators to combine two or more Boolean expressions, each Boolean expression must be true for the entire expression to be evaluated as true. For example, if you ask, “Are you a native-born U.S. citizen and are you at least 35 years old?” the answer to both parts of the question must be yes before the response can be a single, summarizing yes. If either part of the expression is false, then the entire expression is false. The conditional AND operator in Java, C11, and C# consists of two ampersands, with no spaces between them (&&). In Visual Basic, you use the keyword And. This book uses AND. One tool that can help you understand the AND operator is a truth table. Truth tables are diagrams used in mathematics and logic to help describe the truth of an entire expression based on the truth of its parts. Quick Reference 4-3 contains a truth table that lists all the possibilities with an AND operator. As the table shows, for any two expressions x and y, the expression x AND y is true only if both x and y are individually true. If either x or y alone is false, or if both are false, then the expression x AND y is false.
- Joyce Farrell(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
In other words, each part of an expression that uses an AND operator is evaluated only as far as necessary to determine whether the entire expression is true or false. This feature is called short-circuit evaluation . The computer can ask only one question at a time; even when your pseudocode looks like the first example in Figure 3-9, the computer will execute the logic shown in the second example. x y x AND y True True True True False False False True False False False False Table 3-2 Truth table for the AND operator 81 Understanding AND Logic Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. You are never required to use the AND operator because using nested if statements can always achieve the same result, but using the AND operator often makes your code more concise, less error-prone, and easier to understand. Using an AND operator does not eliminate your responsibility for determining which condition to test first. Even when you use an AND operator, the computer makes decisions one at a time and makes them in the order you ask them. If the first question in an AND expression evaluates to false, then the entire expression is false, and the second question is not even tested.
No longer available |Learn more- (Author)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Orange Apple(Publisher)
It also commonly leads to giving a higher precedence than +, removing the need for parenthesis in some cases. Programmers will often use a pipe symbol (|) for OR, an ampersand (&) for AND, and a tilde (~) for NOT. In many programming languages, these symbols stand for bitwise operations. ||, &&, and ! are used for variants of these operations. Another notation uses meet for AND and join for OR. However, this can lead to confusion, as the term join is also commonly used for any Boolean operation which combines sets together, which includes both AND and OR. Basic mathematics use of Boolean terms • In the case of simultaneous equations, they are connected with an implied logical AND: x + y = 2 AND x - y = 2 • The same applies to simultaneous inequalities: x + y < 2 AND x - y < 2 • The greater than or equals sign ( ) and less than or equals sign ( ) may be assumed to contain a logical OR: X < 2 OR X = 2 • The plus/minus sign ( ), as in the case of the solution to a square root problem, may be taken as logical OR: WIDTH = 3 OR WIDTH = -3 English language use of Boolean terms Care should be taken when converting an English sentence into a formal boolean statement. Many English sentences have imprecise meanings. In certain cases, AND and OR can be used interchangeably in English: ________________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ________________________ • I always carry an umbrella for when it rains and snows. • I always carry an umbrella for when it rains or snows. • I never walk in the rain or snow. Sometimes the English words and and or have a meaning that is apparently opposite of its meaning in boolean logic: • Give me all the red and blue berries, usually means, Give me all berries that are red or blue. (The former might have been interpreted as a request for berries that are each both red and blue.) An alternative phrasing for this request would be, Give me all berries that are red and all berries that are blue.
eBook - PDFMathematical Objects in C++
Computational Tools in A Unified Object-Oriented Approach
- Yair Shapira(Author)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Be careful not to confuse the above ”equal to” operator, ”==”, with the assignment operator ’=’, which has a completely different meaning. 266 CHAPTER 13. BASICS OF PROGRAMMING 13.15 Boolean Operators The C compiler also supports the Boolean (logical) operators used in math-ematical logics. For example, if ’i’ and ’j’ are integer variables, then • ”i&&j” is a nonzero integer (say, 1) if and only if both ’i’ and ’j’ are nonzero; otherwise, it is the integer 0. • ”i | | j” is the integer 0 if and only if both ’i’ and ’j’ are zero; otherwise, it is a nonzero integer (say, 1). • ”!i” is a nonzero integer (say, 1) if and only if ’i’ is zero; otherwise, it is the integer 0. The priority order of these operators is as in mathematical logics (see Chap-ter 10, Section 10.6): the unary ”not” operator, ’ !’, is prior to the binary ”and” operator, ”&&”, which in turn is prior to the binary ”or” operator, ” | | ”. Round parentheses can be introduced to change this standard priority order if necessary. 13.16 The ”?:” Operator The ”?:” operator takes three arguments, separated by the ’?’ and ’:’ sym-bols. The first argument, an integer, is placed before the ’?’ symbol. The second argument is placed after the ’?’ symbol and before the ’:’ symbol. Finally, the third argument, which is of the same type as the second one, is placed right after the ’:’ symbol. Now, the ”?:” operator works as follows. If the first argument is nonzero, then the second argument is returned. If, on the other hand, the first argument is zero, then the third argument is returned. Note that the output returned from the ”?:” operator is stored in a tem-porary variable, which disappears at the end of the present command line. Therefore, it must be stored in a properly defined variable if it is indeed required later in the code: double a = 3., b = 5.; double max = a > b ? a : b; Here ’a’ is smaller than ’b’ so ”a > b” is false or zero.
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