Programming Paradigms

9 Key excerpts on "Programming Paradigms"

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  eBook - PDF

  Programming with C++

  • Kyla McMullen, Elizabeth Matthews, June Jamrich Parsons, , Kyla McMullen, Kyla McMullen, Elizabeth Matthews, June Jamrich Parsons(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  Programmers have several ways to approach a programming task: • View the task as a problem that can be solved by specifying a series of steps for the computer to execute. • Visualize the computer manipulating data for several objects, people, or places. • Create a solution based on a series of rules. Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. Module 27 Programming Paradigms 493 The various approaches to programming are referred to as Programming Paradigms. To use an analogy, suppose you are planning a trip from New York City to Philadelphia. As in Figure 27-3, you have several “para- digms” for transportation: car, plane, train, or scooter! Each transportation paradigm has advantages and disadvantages. You might even use more than one para- digm by driving to the airport and then taking a plane. Programming Paradigms also have advantages and dis- advantages. Here are the important takeaways: • A programming paradigm affects the way you think about a program and the style in which you code it. • Each programming paradigm has advantages and disadvantages. • One paradigm might be a more suitable approach to a programming problem than another paradigm. • Some programs might require you to use more than one paradigm. • The features for implementing paradigms vary from one programming language to another. Programming Paradigms fall into one of two categories: imperative or declarative. Each category includes a subset of specialized paradigms. • Imperative Programming Paradigms focus on how by specifying the steps required to carry out a task.

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  eBook - ePub

  Computer Programming for Absolute Beginners

  Learn essential computer science concepts and coding techniques to kick-start your programming career

  • Joakim Wassberg(Author)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 10: Programming Paradigms

  If we look at all the programming languages, we can see patterns and similarities between them, and we can use these to classify them into different paradigms. The word paradigm means a typical example or pattern of something, and this is precisely what we are looking for in programming languages when grouping them.

  The reason we want to do this classification is because the way we write a program in one of these groups will differ significantly from how we do so in languages belonging to another group.

  A computer program will almost always, in one way or another, model something in the real world. We are solving real-world problems using software. The question is how best we can model and represent real-world things in code and how best we can structure the solution we have to this real-world problem.

  In this chapter, you will learn about the following topics:

  • Understanding structured programming
  • Understanding object-oriented programming
  • Understanding functional programming
  • Understanding logic programming
  • Understanding other paradigms
  • Understanding multi-paradigm languages

  Let's begin with the paradigm that we are most familiar with: structured programming.

  Understanding structured programming

  Structured programming is what we have looked at in this book. Loops, conditionals, and functions define the flow of a program that uses this paradigm. If you have read the previous chapters of this book, then they should all be familiar to you by now.

  Structured programming is a branch of a family of paradigms called imperative programming . Languages that use the concepts of imperative programming use statements to change the program's state.

  If we look at that definition, we must first learn what statements and program state are.

  Statements

  In the first part of this definition, we'll talk about statements. A statement, as described in Chapter 5 , Sequence – The Basic Building Block of a Computer Program

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  No longer available |Learn more

  Mastering Kotlin

  Learn advanced Kotlin programming techniques to build apps for Android, iOS, and the web

  • Nate Ebel(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Packt Publishing

    (Publisher)

  But these approaches are quite specific, and don't work as well for describing groups of related languages. That is where the concept of Programming Paradigms becomes quite useful. Programming Paradigms provide a means of classifying programming languages by common features or patterns. They provide a broad, high-level classification mechanism with which we can quickly group and compare different programming languages.

  Using Programming Paradigms to classify languages dates back over 40 years. Robert W Floyd is thought to have been the first to use the notion of a programming paradigm in his Turing Award lecture detailing the work of Thomas Kuhn.

  While these classifications may not give specific details about language syntax or where the code might run, they allow us immediately to understand key aspects of a language such as how data is modeled or how computation is done.

  There are many examples of Programming Paradigms:

  • Declarative
  • Imperative
  • Object-oriented
  • Quantum
  • Dynamic
  • Functional

  All of these represent some set of characteristics than can help you understand how a programming language can be used. In many ways, these high-level characteristics are more useful for language comparison than specific details because they cut straight to the root patterns and conventions present within a language while skipping over their specific syntax and idiosyncrasies.

  As many software developers can attest, syntax is often easy to learn from one language to the next. When learning new languages, the more difficult challenge, often, is understanding and adopting new mental models of how to model and structure a program. Robert W Floyd described this challenge well:

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  eBook - PDF

  Software Paradigms

  • Stephen H. Kaisler(Author)
  • 2005(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Interscience

    (Publisher)

  Eventually, a user gets fed up and invents a new, streamlined language that captures the simple (original) ideas while eliminating the complexity. Java as a follow-on to C is a particular example. Some users or corporations will be frustrated by Java and start to add additional features to meet their needs and . . . well, you get the idea. Programming language design is not a dead science. Over the past decade several new languages have emerged, including Perl, HTML/XML, AMPL, and Active VRML to name a few. Each of these languages meets a specialized need. For ex- ample, AMPL is used to express complex mathematical expressions, while Active VRML, derived from the CAML family, has been designed for the transmission of virtual reality scenarios across networks. 2.3.1 Programming Language Paradigms Many programming languages are essentially similar in design. This is largely due to the influence of the von Neumann architecture for computer systems. The von Neumann architecture is based on the fetch–execute cycle; this has affected the way we store and retrieve variables in a programming language. Languages reflecting this archetype are called imperative languages. Programming Paradigms embody the results of people’s ideas on how to con- struct programs and formal mechanisms for how those ideas should be expressed. People’s notions of software engineering principles and practices often influence the design of programming languages as well. Programming concepts can be expressed in many different paradigms. The choice of a programming paradigm can greatly ease the task of programming if the paradigm PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 21 is appropriate to the problem at hand. But it is choosing an appropriate paradigm that is the hard part. Often, programmers learn just one paradigm and live with it through- out their programming careers. They will try to force every problem, no matter how “hairy,” into that paradigm.

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  eBook - ePub

  Software Development in Practice

  • Bernie Fishpool, Mark Fishpool(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • BCS, The Chartered Institute for IT

    (Publisher)

  Programming languages can be categorised in several different ways. A popular approach is to consider their paradigms – their style or way of doing something. Common paradigms include:

  • Procedural: solves problems in an algorithmic way, with the code typically broken down into procedures (e.g. functions).
  • Object-oriented: models the real world, creating encapsulated classes which interact with others to create solutions.
  • Declarative: defines what is needed but not how this is to be achieved.
  • Functional: solves problems using stateless functional components.
  • Event-driven: captures system or user events and writes suitable handlers to deal with them.

  This list is not exhaustive: many different variations and combinations exist. Broadly speaking, programming languages tend to get (rightly or wrongly) pigeonholed into a single paradigm, for example:

  • C is procedural.
  • C++ and Java are object-oriented.
  • Prolog is declarative.
  • Visual Basic .NET is event-driven.

  However, the distinction is not always clear-cut. For instance, Java also supports a user’s interaction with an object, such as clicking a button; this is a classic trait of an event-driven feature. Python, a very popular language at the time of writing, supports procedural, object-oriented and functional Programming Paradigms.

  Fortunately, many development tools (editors, compilers, debuggers, etc.) are freely downloadable, offering the fledgling programmer many opportunities to learn new skills and experience different approaches to problem-solving prior to gaining employment and working on commercial projects. The key question is: which programming languages should you focus on?

  The simple (if obvious) answer is: the ones that are in commercial demand. After all, you want to start a successful and financially rewarding career as a programmer, don’t you?

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  eBook - ePub

  Learn C Programming from Scratch

  A step-by-step methodology with problem solving approach (English Edition)

  • Mohammad Saleem Mir(Author)
  • 2024(Publication Date)
  • BPB Publications

    (Publisher)

  The objective of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive understanding of programming methodology, emphasizing the use of computers as problem-solving tools. It explores the concepts of computers and computing, delves into the components and functioning of computer systems, and explores various programming styles. The chapter aims to develop a solid foundation in algorithms, their design, and implementation. Additionally, it covers the use of flowcharts as visual tools for algorithm representation and analysis. By the end of the chapter, readers will have gained a deep knowledge of programming principles, problem-solving techniques, and effective use of computers in solving real-world challenges.

  Programming methodology

  Programming methodology refers to the systematic approach and techniques used in software development. It provides a framework for software engineers to follow while designing, coding, testing, and maintaining software applications.

  A computer program is a set of related commands or instructions to solve a given computer problem. Programming is the process of conceptualizing and subsequently writing a computer program that is executed to produce the desired result. Programming involves conceptualizing and writing a program, compiling the program, executing the program, and debugging the program. A computer program aims to solve real-life problems ranging from simple to more complex ones. Programming methodology is the method to analyze real-life complex problems, provide software solutions, and control the associated activities of the software development process. Some popular programming methodologies include:

  • Waterfall methodology : This is a sequential software development model that follows a set of steps in a linear fashion, each step building upon the previous one.
  • Agile methodology : This iterative approach to software development emphasizes collaboration between developers and stakeholders, flexible planning, and adaptive delivery.
  • Scrum methodology

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  eBook - PDF

  Inventing Software

  The Rise of Computer-Related Patents

  • Kenneth Nichols(Author)
  • 1998(Publication Date)
  • Praeger

    (Publisher)

  Algorithms, Inventions, and Software 43 have a linear creation line. Humans make widget-machines, which in turn crank out widgets. But widget-machines do not normally make new copies of themselves, much less discover improved widget-machines. At the heart of the matter is the simple fact that a string of symbols (such as text) can be both input (or program) and output (or result). As we have seen, the ability of symbols to function as either program or data is part of the functional paradigm: "As John von Neumann had pointed out long ago, [... ] a piece of computer code leads a double life. On the one hand it's a program, a series of commands telling the computer what to do. But on the other hand it's just data, a string of symbols sit- ting somewhere inside the computer's memory" (Waldrop 1992). At different times, then, a particular piece of code can be either operating or operated on, performing changes or being changed by other code or even by itself. A program is anything that can automatically be turned to code. As soft- ware art progresses, the set of problem representations that can be rendered into software will grow ever larger. As software systems become capable of turning a wider variety of specifications into computer behavior, then "pro- gramming," at least by Newell's definition, will become so expansive a con- cept that it will lose its current meaning. Any phenomenon from which inferences can be drawn by software will be specific enough to control a computer and will be a program, and thus a potential embodiment of some patented invention. THE FUTURE OF PROGRAMMING Although it is impossible to say what new programming tools will emerge in the near future, it is certain that they will represent one or more new paradigms. The goal of these new paradigms will be to lower software cost by eliminating the need for labor-intensive coding, which characterizes the major existing language tools.

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  Problem Solving: Methods, Programming and Future Concepts

  • O.V. German, D.V. Ofitserov(Authors)
  • 1995(Publication Date)
  • North Holland

    (Publisher)

  325 Chapter 5 PROGRAMMING CONCEPTS IN PROBLEM SOL VING Abstract. In this chapter we shall consider non-traditional approaches to programming techniques in problem solving. Strictly speaking, we shall consider the programming paradigm to be non-traditional if it does not fall within the boundaries of an impcrativc programming concept. Although functional and logic programming could be recognized as non-traditional in the abo~c mentioned sense, they cannot be considered suitable for our aims. One of lhc cvidcnl drawbacks of these paradigms is in the assumption of the closed domain of the problem on the one hand, and a lack of means for manipulating the task conccpt on the other. The first ideas for non-traditional paradigms are connected with heuristic programming. A.Ncwcll, J.C.Shaw and H.A.Simon suggested a form of univcrsal solving programs I571 GPS and LT with the basic solution principle based on eliminating differences between the current and the desired states of a problem. However, this principlc proved to be insufficient even in proposition calculus. But this particular idea was remarkable for extending traditional programming boundaries. The following attempts to move the solving concept to the theorem proving area are worthy of special mention. 5.1. Programming or theorem proving ? Wang Hao in [58] put forward the idea of employing programming in the sense of theorem proving, or more precisely, for the mchanization of mathematics. The main advantages of this approach were connected with highly developed mathematical 326 Chapter 5 theories as an important premise of its implementation. This idea was supported by the soviet scientific school headed by academician V.M.Glushkow [59]. Consider their concept in more detail. The main idea lies in making human-machine systems to build algorithms oriented to theorem proving. The computer is used as a tool in the hands of the experienced mathematician.

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  eBook - ePub

  Introduction to Software Engineering

  • Ronald J. Leach(Author)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Chapman and Hall/CRC

    (Publisher)

  Positive train control makes use of the information provided by local tracking devices and uses these to provide a real-time control system with a high degree of fault tolerance. On a personal note, I had an interesting discussion with a technical manager for the Federal Railway Administration at a time (the early 1990s) when the speed controls and collision prevention software was written in a specialized language known originally as Tandem Application Language, which was later renamed Tandem Transaction Application Language. Even then, a purely object-oriented programming language did not seem adequate for the task. A hybrid approach is being deployed.

  While the number of programming languages currently in use is far less than 1600, it is large and expanding, including languages for statistical data analysis, for scripting, for visual programming, for textual analysis, and smartphone applications development. You should expect to learn many languages, software development kits, and development environments during your career.

  The rest of this chapter will be organized as follows: First, we will present some basic, general-purpose design principles. Some of the design principles will be based on the basic technique of software pattern matching. The goal is to reuse software components at as high a level as possible. This discussion will be followed by some representations that are commonly used for the design of procedurally oriented systems, with examples of each representation. After completing our initial discussion of the design of procedurally oriented systems, we will discuss some design representations for them, again with examples. The same steps will be followed for object-oriented software. This will complete our initial discussion of software design techniques. We will also discuss our agile case study.

  The last three sections of this chapter will be devoted primarily to the design of the example begun earlier in this book. This example will be discussed in detail. Special emphasis will be placed on those issues that arise because of the necessary combination of both procedurally and object-oriented designs.

  4.2 SOFTWARE DESIGN PATTERNS

  One possible way of designing software is to attempt to match the problem to be solved with a preexisting software system that solves the same type of problem. This approach reduces at least a portion of the software design to pattern matching. The effectiveness depends upon a set of previously developed software modules and some way of recognizing different patterns.

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