Wi Fi Standards

12 Key excerpts on "Wi Fi Standards"

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  Going Wi-Fi

  Networks Untethered with 802.11 Wireless Technology

  • Janice Reynolds(Author)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  3 Section I: How Wi-Fi got to Where it is Today Chapter 1: What is Wi-Fi “Wi-Fi” is a play on the old audio term “Hi-Fi” (high fidelity). The term also has been trademarked by the Wi-Fi Alliance (formerly the Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance). Today, Wi-Fi is most commonly used to describe a wireless local area network based on the IEEE 802.11 series of standards, which is a set of wireless technical specifications issued by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE). The IEEE is an international professional organization for electrical and electronics engineers, with formal links with the International Organization for Standardization (more commonly known as the “ISO”). The IEEE 802.11 standards specify an “over-the-air” interface consisting of radio fre-quency (RF) technology to transmit and receive data between a wireless client and a base station or access point (an “infrastructure” configuration), as well as among two or more wireless clients that happen to be within communications range of each other (an “ad hoc” configuration). The IEEE 802.11 standards resolve compatibility issues between manufacturers of wireless networking equipment operating in specific frequency bands within the unli-censed spectra of 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz. (Unlicensed spectrum refers to airwaves that haven’t been allocated to an exclusive user.) This wireless, flexible data communications system can be implemented either as an extension to, or as an alternative for, a wired local area network (LAN). As such, it is a wireless networking standard that’s accepted worldwide and, consequently, has rapidly gained acceptance as an alternative to con-ventional wireline technologies. The term “Wi-Fi” began life a few years ago as the IEEE 802.11 High Rate (HR) Stan-dard, which later became known as the IEEE 802.11b standard.

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  Wireless Networks for Industrial Automation, Fourth Edition

  • Richard Caro(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • International Society of Automation

    (Publisher)

  Wireless Network Standards

  T he IEEE 802 standards committee has been charged with developing both wired and wireless data communications network standards. While its work automatically becomes standards in the United States through the American National Standards Institute (ANSI), it is also submitted to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) for adoption as international standards. After a delay of a few months or years these standards become the series of ISO/IEC 8802 standards, which have numbers similar to the ANSI standards.

  In the definitions or scope of the IEEE 802 committee, the wireless networks are defined by the nominal network transmission distances as described in Table 3 .

  Table 3. Scope of IEEE 802 Wireless Subcommittees

  2.1     Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN)

  Wireless LANs are used to connect computing devices within a relatively small area. The responsibility for the standardization of LANs has traditionally been given to the IEEE 802.11 subcommittee.

  IEEE 802.11 initially approved a standard that used three different and incompatible technologies: FHSS (frequency-hopping spread-spectrum), DSSS (direct sequence spread-spectrum), and infrared signaling. Both FHSS and DSSS were limited to a maximum data rate of 2.0 Mbps. Although implemented by a few suppliers, they were generally unsuccessful in the market. The 802.11 infrared standard was quite different from the widely implemented Infrared Data Association (IrDA) infrared standard and was not commercially implemented at all.

  Several IEEE 802.11 projects were abandoned or did not become standards. The following paragraphs describe those that have become standards, although some of these are now obsolete by virtue of the advance of technology.

  2.1.1 Wi-Fi a/b/g/n/ac/ad

  One of the most successful applications of wireless technology has been Wireless LAN, which was enabled by the approval of IEEE standards 802.11a, b, g, and n. The extremely large and competitive market for wireless LAN in homes and offices has led to high volumes, with cost reductions leading to selling price reductions. This has turned Wi-Fi into a commodity. The IEEE 802.11a, g, n, and ac standards introduced a new spread-spectrum technology called OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) that divides the 802.11 frequency band into many individual sub-channel carrier frequencies, each of which transmits part of the data. Table 4

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  Serial Communication Protocols and Standards

  RS232/485, UART/USART, SPI, USB, INSTEON, Wi-Fi and WiMAX

  • Dawoud Shenouda Dawoud, Peter Dawoud(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • River Publishers

    (Publisher)

  It is separate from the IEEE which develops the standards, but naturally it works with them. 9.5 Wi-Fi Standards: IEEE 802.11 Variants As Wi-Fi is used for so many different purposes and Wi-Fi capabilities are incorporated into a huge number of devices made by different manufacturers, it is of great importance that it has internationally agreed standards and specifications. 366 Wi-Fi Technology By having standards that define the exact operation of the technology, it is possible to ensure that equipment made by different manufacturers will communicate satisfactorily. Using common standards enables reliable interoperation, and this enables the technology to be more widely accepted and used. Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11 is a prime example of how an accessible standard has enabled multiple manufacturers to make equipment for it and together ensure that the whole Wi-Fi technology is considerably more widely used. As Wi-Fi has developed, many new variants or standards have been devel-oped to accommodate the increasing speeds and performance. The various standards under the IEEE 802.11 umbrella cover everything from the bearers to elements of the system required for interworking, for example, security, hotspots, quality of service, roaming, and the like. The main IEEE 802.11 standards are listed next: • 802.11a: This was the first Wi-Fi standard in the 802.11 series. Released in 1999, it defined a wireless network bearer operating in the 5 GHz ISM band using orthogonal frequency division multiplexing with data rate up to 54 Mbps. This was done with the hope of encountering less interference since many devices (like most wireless phones) also use the 2.4 GHz band. Although 802.11a was used, it was as widely used as the 802.11b version. Although the 5 GHz band was much wider and accommodated many more channels, the technology was more expensive at the time and this reduced its use considerably. • 802.11b: The 802.11b standard was far more widely used than 11a.

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  CWTS, CWS, and CWT Complete Study Guide

  Exams PW0-071, CWS-100, CWT-100

  • Robert J. Bartz(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Sybex

    (Publisher)

  The IEEE wireless networking standard and its amendments that identify advancements in the technology define the power, range, and speed of RF and WLAN technology. The IEEE 802.11 standard specifies the maximum amount of RF transmit power, the allowed RF spectrum (which is related to the range), and the allowed data rates or speed. All ratified IEEE 802.11 amendments have been incorporated into the IEEE 802.11-2016 standard, including the most recent amendments IEEE 802.11ac, IEEE 802.11ad, and a few others. Even though some are now legacy amendments, it is important to understand the foundation and advancements in standards-based wireless technology that have developed into the current system. The IEEE 802.11 Standard The IEEE 802.11 standard, released in 1997, is what initially defined the WLAN communication standards. The data rates used in this original standard (1 and 2 Mbps) are considered slow compared to today’s technology. As of this writing, the IEEE 802.11-2016 standard is the most current ratified IEEE 802.11 standard. This latest version combines into one document the more recent versions, including the IEEE 802.11-2012 and IEEE 802.11-2007 standards, and outstanding amendments at the time of ratification, such as IEEE 802.11k/n/p/r/s/u/v/w/y/z, and now also IEEE 802.11aa/ac/ad/ae/af/ah. Many in the industry, however, still refer to the original names of the amendments: 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g, 802.11n, and so on. The IEEE considers all the previously published amendments and revisions retired as a result of the release of the IEEE 802.11-2016 standard

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  CWNA Certified Wireless Network Administrator Study Guide

  Exam CWNA-107

  • David D. Coleman, David A. Westcott(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • Sybex

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 1 Overview of Wireless Standards, Organizations, and Fundamentals

  IN THIS CHAPTER, YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT THE FOLLOWING:

  • History of wireless local area networks
  • Standards organizations
    • Federal Communications Commission
    • International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication Sector
    • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
    • Internet Engineering Task Force
    • Wi-Fi Alliance
    • International Organization for Standardization
  • Core, distribution, and access
  • Communications fundamentals
    • Communication terminology
    • Carrier signals
    • Keying methods

   Wireless local area network (WLAN) technology has a long history that dates back to the 1970s, with roots as far back as the 19th century. This chapter will start with a brief history of WLAN technology. Learning a new technology can seem like a daunting task. There are so many new acronyms, abbreviations, terms, and ideas to become familiar with. One of the keys to learning any subject is to learn the basics. Whether you are learning to drive a car, fly an airplane, or install a wireless computer network, there are basic rules, principles, and concepts that, once learned, provide the building blocks for the rest of your education.

  The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 technology, more commonly referred to as Wi-Fi, is a standard technology for providing local area network (LAN) communications using radio frequencies (RFs). The IEEE designates the 802.11-2016 standard as a guideline to provide operational parameters for WLANs. Numerous standards organizations and regulatory bodies help govern and direct wireless technologies and the related industry. Having some knowledge of these various organizations can provide you with insight as to how IEEE 802.11 functions and sometimes even how and why the standards have evolved the way they have.

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  Recent Advances in Wireless Technologies

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • College Publishing House

    (Publisher)

  ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 5 Wi-Fi Technologies Wi-Fi refers to a range of connectivity technologies including wireless local area network (WLAN) based on the IEEE 802.11 standards, device to device connectivity [such as Wi-Fi Peer to Peer AKA Wi-Fi Direct], and a range of technologies that support PAN, LAN and even Wide Area Network (WAN) connections. IEEE 802.11 has been used interchangeably with Wi-Fi, however Wi-Fi has become a superset of IEEE 802.11 over the past few years. Wi-Fi is used by over 700 million people, there are over 750,000 hotspots (places with Wi-Fi internet connectivity) around the world, and about 800 million new Wi-Fi devices every year. Wi-Fi products that complete the Wi-Fi Alliance interoperability certification testing successfully can use the Wi-Fi CERTIFIED design-nation and trademark. Not every Wi-Fi device is submitted for certification to the Wi-Fi Alliance. The lack of Wi-Fi certification does not necessarily imply a device is incompatible with Wi-Fi devices. Wi-Fi devices are installed in many personal computers, video game consoles, MP3 players, smartphones, printers, and other peripherals, and newer laptop computers. Wi-Fi certification Wi-Fi technology builds on IEEE 802.11 standards. The IEEE develops and publishes some these standards, but does not test equipment for compliance with them. The non-profit Wi-Fi Alliance formed in 1999 to fill this void — to establish and enforce standards for interoperability and backward compatibility, and to promote wireless local-area-network technology. As of 2010 the Wi-Fi Alliance consisted of more than 375 companies from around the world. Manufacturers with membership in the Wi-Fi Alliance, whose products pass the certification process, gain the right to mark those products with the Wi-Fi logo.

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  Wireless and Mobile Networking

  • Mahbub Hassan(Author)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  Part III WiFi and Wireless Local Area Networks Passage contains an image

  4 WiFi Basics

  WiFi, which stands for ‘Wireless Fidelity’, is one of the most widely used wireless networking technologies today, with millions of them deployed in our homes and workplaces. WiFi is also increasingly available in many indoor and outdoor public places, such as airports, shopping malls, parks, and university campuses. All personal mobile devices, such as smartphones, tablets, and laptops are fitted with WiFi interfaces, making them very easy to be connected to such networks wherever they are available. In most cases, WiFi is available for free to use or at least there is no limit imposed on the volume of data for paid subscriptions, making it the most desired option to get connected to the Internet. WiFi has gone through many years of developments and upgrades over the last decade, resulting in increased level of complexity adopted in its recent standards. This chapter will explain the basic features and functions of the WiFi technology, while the more advanced versions will be examined at later chapters.

  1. WiFi vs IEEE 802.11

  Both IEEE 802.11 and WiFi basically refer to wireless LANs. There is, however, a subtle difference between them. 802.11 is an IEEE standard for wireless LANs. Unfortunately, to satisfy a large number of different vendors contributing to the standardization process, 802.11 specification comes with many different options to implement. This raises a practical interoperability issue if different vendors choose to implement different options of the same 802.11 standard.

  To overcome the potential interoperability problem of 802.11, an industry alliance was formed, called Wireless Fidelity or WiFi Alliance. This alliance is committed to a selected set of options which all members will implement, essentially guaranteeing the ultimate interoperability that was envisaged by IEEE 802.11. Now, any product displaying the WiFi logo is guaranteed to work with any other product displaying the same, irrespective of who manufacturesthem. With WiFi, wireless LAN now has its ‘fidelity’, i.e., its ability to work with others. Note that the display of the WiFi icon, i.e., a small radar symbol, when trying to connect a device to a WiFi network is not about certifying the WiFi product, but to basically indicate that the device is connected to WiFi. Figure 1

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  Optimizing and Testing WLANs

  Proven Techniques for Maximum Performance

  • Tom Alexander(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Newnes

    (Publisher)

  WLANs normally replace the “last 30 feet” of a data communications network to provide mobility, but are not used in the remainder of the network, where the emphasis is on bandwidth (large servers and routers, after all, do not move about). Data traffic carried over WLAN links uses the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP). 1.2 WLAN Standards Today In 1985, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) decided to open up the so-called ISM (Industrial, Scientific, and Medical) bands for use by unlicensed low-power communication devices using spread-spectrum modulation methods. This spurred significant interest in the US in developing wireless networking equipment utilizing these bands for computer communications (i.e., radio LANs) to serve as a radio version of the popular Ethernet LAN technology. As a result, in 1990 the IEEE standards development organization set up a group, referred to as the IEEE 802.11 committee, to standardize WLANs in the ISM bands. However, it took 7 years (until 1997) before the first 802.11 standard was ratified and published. That first standard defined a relatively low-speed digital WLAN technology, with data rate options of 1 and 2 Mb/s, and using a new Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) medium access protocol, which was roughly modeled after the Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) protocol used by half-duplex IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) LANs. In parallel with the work of the IEEE committee, the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) started work in 1991 on a radio LAN technology called HIPERLAN (High Performance European Radio LAN). HIPERLAN was standardized somewhat earlier than Figure 1.1: The 802.11 Reference Model ESS (Extended Service Set) BSS 1 (Basic Service Set) BSS 2 Wireless Clients Wireless Clients Access Point Access Point Wired LAN Infrastructure (usually Ethernet) Servers

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  Wireless Multimedia Communications

  Convergence, DSP, QoS, and Security

  • K.R. Rao, Zoran S. Bojkovic, Dragorad A. Milovanovic(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  In addition, two technical advisory groups (TAGs) help coordinates activities: the IEEE 802.18 Regulatory TAG and the IEEE 802.19 Coexistence TAG. In what follows, we summarize the status and technology of the projects in the IEEE 802 wireless standards program.

  5.3 WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORKS (WLAN)

  Technologies for physical media access by wireless follow several specifications, some of which have been approved by independent standards bodies. One such suite of specifications is IEEE 802.11. In conformity with U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) requirements, IEEE 802.11 allows both direct sequence (DS) and frequency hopping (FH) spread spectrum. The maximum data rate offered by the standard for either technique is 2 Mbps. However, a higher bit rate version of IEEE 802.11 allows a data rate of up to 11 Mbps. A drawback of the 802.11 protocol for data transfer in a home network is its overhead.

  7 ,14

  IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Standards Committee develops LAN and MAN standards, as well as one WPAN standard (802.15). WLANs cover single-hop or multihop communications, which can provide various network services within a limited service area. Research and deployment of these networks has been very rapid in the past few years, leading to the development of a number of WLAN technologies like 802.11 (WiFi) and HyperLAN. Even through these technologies can provide high-speed (broadband) wireless access to IP networks, they have significant limitations, which must be overcome in order to allow seamless, scalable, and stable quality of service (QoS) for wireless mobile users.

  8 ,9

  IEEE 802.1115 refers to a family of specifications developed by the IEEE for WLAN technology, which operates at either the 2.4 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band, or the 5 GHz unlicensed national information infrastructure (UNII) band. There is a growing interest in the use of WLAN technology. Examples of applications range from standard Internet services, such as Web access, to realtime services with strict latency/throughput requirements, such as multimedia video and voice over IP (VoIP).10

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  Mobile Wireless Communications

  • Mischa Schwartz(Author)
  • 2004(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  395 396 Mobile Wireless Communications standard to much higher bit rates over the same band. In Section 12.2 we then discuss wireless personal-area networks, focusing on the Bluetooth system, standardized as IEEE 802.15.1. The IEEE 802.11b standard has also been dubbed “Wi-FI” and is frequently referred to as the wireless Ethernet. 12.1 IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs Local-area Networks, or LANs, as they are most frequently called, were first developed in the late 1970s and early 1980s to interconnect data users via wire or cable in locally confined campuses or areas of at most a few kilometers in extent. Optical fibre installations followed once fibre began to become commercially available at low enough prices and costs. The IEEE, recognizing the need to develop standards for this newly arisen mode of data communications, established the IEEE 802 standards committee to provide some standardization to an increasingly large number of ad hoc solutions to the problem of communicating over small areas. A whole IEEE 802 family of standards has resulted from work over the years. Standards in this family are confined to the physical and data link layers of the protocol stack described in Chapter 10. The most popular of these standards is 802.3 or Ethernet, which has come to be installed ubiquitously in most offices, businesses, buildings, and campuses throughout the world. This standard covers the medium access control, or MAC sublayer of the data link layer, as well as the physical layer below. The 802.11 wireless subset of 802 LANs to be discussed in this section covers the same two layers. All 802 LAN standards are designed to be interconnected through a common sublayer of the data link layer above the MAC sublayer, 802.2, logical link control. The combination of logical link control and medium access control below it comprises the full data link layer of the LAN standards.

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  The World Wide Wi-Fi

  Technological Trends and Business Strategies

  • Teik-Kheong Tan, Benny Bing(Authors)
  • 2004(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Interscience

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 2 IEEE 802.11 Standards and Applications Unlike cellphone standards such as GSM and CDMA, the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard is a network standard based on the IEEE 802 LAN architecture. This implies that an 802.11 network can be added transparently to any other 802 network, which can be based on coax, fiber or twisted pair. IEEE 802.11 standard is also popularly known as wireless Ethernet because the structure follows closely to the wired Ethernet LAN standard. The 802.11 standard specifies the lowest two layers of a wireless LAN, namely the medium access control (MAC) and physical layers of the Open System Interconnect (OSI) network hierarchy. The standard also defines the basic architecture of such systems. It comprises a main 802.11 standard (ratified in 1997) supplemented by a suite of extensions that are indicted by the letters a, b, d, e, f, g, h, and i. These alphabets follow the time when the Task Groups for these standards are formed. The "a" group for example, was started earlier than the "b" group although the work of both groups were completed and formally approved at the same time in September 1999. Although each extension may have a different physical layer supporting a different wireless data rate, all extensions are based on a single MAC protocol. All Task Groups come under the common umbrella of the IEEE 802.11 Working Group. There are three major 802.11 extensions operating on different frequency bands. The 802.lib and 802.1 la extensions operate in the 2.4- and 5-GHz license-exempt bands respectively and are incompatible. A newer extension, 802.llg, is essentially a 2.4-GHz version of the 802.lla standard but is backward compatible with the 802.lib extension. For the beginner or the uninitiated, the IEEE 802.11 standard and its extensions can be daunting Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. A chapter in World Wide Wi-Fi - Technological Trends and Business Strategies, by Teik-Kheong Tan and Benny Bing, ISBN 0-471-46356-6

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  Guide to Wireless Communications

  • Jorge Olenewa(Author)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  chapter 6 Introduction to Wi-Fi WLANs After reading this chapter and completing the exercises, you will be able to: • List the components of a WLAN • Describe the modes of operation of a WLAN • Discuss the first IEEE WLAN standards • Describe coordinating communications in RF WLANs • Explain the process of association and reassociation • Outline the power management features of IEEE 802.11 networks • Discuss 802.11 MAC frame formats 195 Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. WCN 02-300 WLANs are probably the technology that has attracted the most attention since the introduction of personal computers to the consumer market. The explosive growth of wireless networks all over the world was initially driven by home and small-office sales, but after the ratification of the latest wireless networking standards — IEEE 802.11n in 2009 and 802.11ac in 2014 — more companies are deploying wireless networks to allow staff and customers to connect their own devices and benefit from more flexible, mobile access. Globally, public Wi-Fi hotspot access continues to grow steadily, and the Wireless Broadband Alliance ( www.wballiance.com ) predicts that mobile phone carriers will continue to deploy Wi-Fi calling to offload some of the traffic from their networks. Total mobile data traffic is forecast to reach 30.6 exabytes (30.6 Â 10 18 ) per month by 2020. This figure includes both smartphones and WLANs. As a comparison, 5 exabytes (5 Â 10 18 ) is estimated to be equal to all words ever spoken by human beings, so far. You can search the web for “ global mobile data traffic ” for additional statistics. WLAN technology supports a very broad range of applications. Practically all laptop com-puters, tablets, and smartphones are equipped with Wi-Fi today. Popular coffee shops and restaurants, hotels, planes, trains and even some automobiles now offer Wi-Fi Internet access today.

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