Network Protocols

11 Key excerpts on "Network Protocols"

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  eBook - PDF

  Network Tutorial

  A Complete Introduction to Networks Includes Glossary of Networking Terms

  • Steve Steinke(Author)
  • 2003(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  SECTION I Understanding Networks-Layers and Protocols Taylor & Francis Taylor & Francis Group http:/taylorandfrancis.com Networks Protocols Part One A network protocol is a set of rules for communicating between computers. Protocols govern format, timing, sequencing, and error control. Without these rules, the computer can-not make sense of the stream of incoming bits. But there is more than just basic communication. Suppose you plan to send a file from one computer to another. You could simply send it all in one single string of data. Unfortunately, that would stop others from using the network for the entire time it takes to send the message. This would not be appreciated by the other users. Additionally, if an error occurred during the transmission, the entire file would have to be sent again. To resolve both of these problems, the file is broken into small pieces called packets and the packets are grouped in a certain fashion. This means that information must be added to tell the receiver where each group belongs in relation to others, but this is a minor issue. To further improve transmission reliability, timing information and error correcting information are added. Because of this complexity, computer communication is broken down into steps. Each step has its own rules of operation and, consequently, its own protocol. These steps must be executed in a certain order, from the top down on transmission and from the bottom up on reception. Because of this hierarchical arrangement, the term protocol stack is often used to describe these steps. A protocol stack, therefore, is a set of rules for communication, and each step in the sequence has its own subset of rules. What is a protocol, really? It is software that resides either in a computer's memory or in the memory of a transmission device, like a network interface card. When data is ready for transmission, this software is executed.

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  eBook - PDF

  Networking Explained

  • Michael Gallo, William M. Hancock PhD CISSP CISM, William M. Hancock, PhD, CISSP, CISM(Authors)
  • 2001(Publication Date)
  • Digital Press

    (Publisher)

  In short, a network protocol specifies the vocabulary and rules of data communication. 11. Can you give me an example of a network protocol? Yes. A good example consists of the individual protocols that are part of the TCP/IP suite. TCP/IP stands for “Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,” which serves as the basis of the Internet. (See Chapters 2 and 3 for more information about TCP/IP and the Internet.) Although TCP/IP specifies two particular protocols (TCP and IP), it is also used to name the set of protocols that includes not only TCP and IP, but also many others. This set of protocols is called the TCP/IP suite . (When a group of related and interoperat-ing protocols are put together in a package on a system, we call it a suite.) Another protocol that is part of the TCP/IP suite is FTP, or “File Transfer Protocol,” which specifies how to do file transfers. HTTP, the Hypertext Transport Protocol, is used for the World Wide Web (WWW), and defines how servers need to transfer documents (Web pages) to clients (Web browsers). Three protocols used for electronic mail (e-mail) with which you might already be familiar are the Post Office Protocol (POP), the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), and the Internet Mail Access Protocol (IMAP). All of the foregoing are Network Protocols that are also part of the TCP/IP suite. Today’s networks employ a great multitude of protocols, ranging from very simple to quite complex. Proto-cols are the glue that binds together computer networks because they define how specific operations are to be performed. We will provide detailed examples of how some of these protocols actually work in later chapters of the book. 6 Networking Explained, Second Edition 12. Are there other sets (or suites, as you called them) of Network Protocols? Yes.

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  Computer Networks and Communications

  • Jocelyn O. Padallan(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Arcler Press

    (Publisher)

  PRINCIPLES AND PROTOCOLS IN COMPUTER NETWORKS 2 CHAPTER “Think before you click. If people do not know you personally and if they cannot see you as you type, what you post online can be taken out of context if you are not careful in the way your message is delivered.” —Germany Kent CONTENTS 2.1. Introduction ...................................................................................... 26 2.2. Communications and Computer Networks ....................................... 33 2.3. Protocols .......................................................................................... 36 2.4. Elucidation About Seven OSI Layers .................................................. 38 2.5. Internet Working, Concept, Protocols and Architecture ..................... 44 2.6. Common Protocol Frameworks ......................................................... 45 References ............................................................................................... 51 Computer Networks and Communications 26 A network is defined as a group of computers and other devices that are connected in some or the other ways with the objective of exchanging data. The main task of a computer network is to deliver the means to transfer user information from one network entity to another. This chapter describes the basic principles of networking that start with the introduction of building a network and connecting two hosts together. Protocols define the guidelines that govern the process of communications between two computers that are connected with other networks. The knowledge of this chapter is essential, as it sets the pretext for further chapters. 2.1. INTRODUCTION A network is an assembly of objects that exchange information or things among each other. The nervous system of a human being is a network that enables the transmission of information and material to and from the brain and then to other parts of the body.

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  Operating Systems In Depth

  Design and Programming

  • Thomas W. Doeppner(Author)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  350 Introduction to Networking 9.1 Network Basics 9.1.1 Network Protocols 9.1.1.1 The Internet Protocol (IP) 9.1.1.2 The Transport Level 9.2 Remote Procedure Call Protocols 9.2.1 Marshalling 9.2.2 Reliable Semantics 9.3 Conclusions 9.4 Exercises 9.5 References C omputer networks are essential components of modern computer systems. Though the architecture of networks and the protocols used for communication are not directly related to operating systems, we cover them for two reasons. The first is that distributed file systems, which are important components of operating systems, depend on them. Much of their design is governed by what standard Network Protocols do and do not provide. The second is that Network Protocols are usually implemented in the operating system. Doing this well presents a number of challenges to the operating-system designer. We first look at Network Protocols, concentrating on the Internet’s TCP/IP. We then look at remote procedure calls, a notion introduced in Chapter 4. Together these give us the foundations for the next chapter, on distributed file systems. What exactly is a computer network? For our purposes, it’s a way to interconnect computers so they can communicate data with one another. Examples range from a home network interconnecting two or three computers to the Internet, interconnecting most of the computers on earth (and perhaps beyond). To better appreciate how networks work, let’s look at their components. We say that two computers are directly connected if they can send each other data without involving any other parties. They might be connected by cable or by radio. And a number of computers might be directly connected, since they are connected to a broadcast medium: anything sent by one can be received by all. We call such directly connected networks base networks. Base networks can be combined to form larger composite networks.

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  Networking All-in-One For Dummies

  • Doug Lowe(Author)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • For Dummies

    (Publisher)

  2 Understanding Network Protocols Contents at a Glance CHAPTER 1: Network Protocols and Standards                 91 CHAPTER 2: TCP/IP and the Internet                            115 CHAPTER 3: IP Addresses                                         123 CHAPTER 4: Routing                                               145 CHAPTER 5: DHCP                                                  155 CHAPTER 6: DNS                                                    173 CHAPTER 7: TCP/IP Tools and Commands                      207 CHAPTER 1 Network Protocols and Standards 91 Network Protocols and Standards P rotocols and standards make networks work together. Protocols make it possible for the various components of a network to communicate with each other, and standards make it possible for different manufacturers’ network components to work together. This chapter introduces you to the protocols and standards that you’re most likely to encounter when building and maintaining a network. Understanding Protocols A protocol is simply a set of rules that enable effective communications to occur. You encounter protocols every day and probably don’t even realize it. When you pay for groceries with a debit card, the clerk tells you how much the groceries cost, and then you swipe your debit card in the card reader, punch in your security code, indicate whether you want cash back, enter the amount of the cash back if you so Chapter 1 IN THIS CHAPTER » Discovering protocols » Deciphering the layers of the OSI Reference Model » Understanding Ethernet » Getting the inside scoop on TCP/IP and IPX/SPX » Finding out about other important protocols 92 BOOK 2 Understanding Network Protocols indicated, and verify the total amount.

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  Data Transmission, Error Detection and Correction

  • (Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Academic Studio

    (Publisher)

  ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Chapter 7 Communications Protocol A communications protocol is a formal description of digital message formats and the rules for exchanging those messages in or between computing systems and in telecommunications. Protocols may include signaling, authentication and error detection and correction capabilities. A protocol describes the syntax, semantics, and synchr-onization of communication and may be implemented in hardware or software, or both. Introduction While there is no generally accepted formal definition of protocol in computer science, an informal definition, based on the previous, could be a description of a set of procedures to be followed when communicating. In computer science the word algorithm is a synonym for the word procedure' so a 'protocol is to communications what an algorithm is to mathematics. Communicating systems use well-defined formats for exchanging messages. Each message has an exact meaning intended to provoke a defined response of the receiver. A protocol therefore describes the syntax , semantics , and synchronization of comm-unication. A programming language describes the same for computations, so there is a close analogy between protocols and programming languages: protocols are to communications what programming languages are to computations . (A less technical reader might appreciate this similar analogy: protocols are to communications what grammar is to writing .) ____________________ WORLD TECHNOLOGIES ____________________ Figure 1. Using a layering scheme to structure a document tree. Diplomatic documents build on each other, thus creating document-trees. The way the sub-documents making up a document-tree are written has an impact on the complexity of the tree. By imposing a development model on the documents, overall readability can be improved and complexity can be reduced. An effective model to this end is the layering scheme or model .

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  eBook - PDF

  Cloud Computing Networking

  Theory, Practice, and Development

  • Lee Chao(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Auerbach Publications

    (Publisher)

  35 2 N ETWORK P ROTOCOLS Objectives • Learn about commonly used protocols in the Internet architecture. • Understand the relationships among the protocols. • Explore network tools. 2.1 Introduction As described in Chapter 1, a networking process involves various protocols, which are used as communication languages. In a network, the data transfer is accomplished by multiple protocols; each protocol carries out a specific task. Various protocols will be used in later chapters. To enhance the understanding of how network devices commu-nicate with each other, it is necessary to understand how the protocols are designed, what the responsibilities of these protocols are, and how these protocols are related. In this chapter, the commonly used protocols in cloud computing will be discussed in detail. Due to the fact that the network architecture used by Windows and UNIX-like operating systems is the Internet architecture (or Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol [TCP/IP] architecture), the protocols introduced in this chapter will be grouped based on the TCP/IP architecture. There are four layers in the TCP/IP network architecture: application layer, trans-port layer, Internet layer, and network interface layer. Each layer in the TCP/IP architecture may include dozens or even hundreds of protocols. In this chapter, a few commonly used protocols in each layer will be introduced. In the hands-on practice, some of the networking tools will be used to illustrate the protocols used in cloud computing. 2.2 Application Layer Protocols Protocols in the application layer handle the communication of application software. They can carry out tasks such as responding to requests from web browsers, making conference calls, or connecting to remote database servers. Some of the protocols can be used to set up user authentication. Others can be used to set up agreements on data resources, data integrity, and data syntax rules.

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  eBook - PDF

  Guide to Networking Essentials

  • Greg Tomsho(Author)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • Cengage Learning EMEA

    (Publisher)

  chapter 5 Network Protocols After reading this chapter and completing the exercises, you will be able to: • Describe the purpose of a network protocol and the layers in the TCP/IP architecture • Describe TCP/IP Application-layer protocols • Describe TCP/IP Transport-layer protocols • Describe TCP/IP Internetwork-layer protocols • Describe TCP/IP Network access – layer protocols 187 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For effective communication across a network, computers must be capable of transmitting data reliably and efficiently. Network Protocols are designed to accomplish this goal, with some protocols emphasizing reliability and others efficiency. Network pro-tocols often work together at different layers of the network communication process to provide both reliability and efficiency. Network administrators must understand the role and function of protocols, as much of their time is spent configuring and troubleshooting the protocols used by the network ’ s clients and servers. This chapter discusses Network Protocols in general but focuses on the most common suite of protocols used in networks: TCP/IP. TCP/IP ’ s Layered Architecture Table 5-1 summarizes what you need for the hands-on projects in this chapter. The term “ protocol ” isn ’ t specific to the field of networking. In general, a protocol consists of rules and procedures for communication and behavior or etiquette.

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  Introduction to Network Security

  • Douglas Jacobson(Author)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • Chapman and Hall/CRC

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 2 Network Protocols As discussed in Chapter 1, network layers use protocols to coordinate their in-teraction. These protocols are often designed to solve a particular problem or to address a need. Protocols are designed to provide a set of functions and are defined by a standard. Protocol standards are created and maintained by many different groups, ranging from international organizations to professional societies to ad hoc groups. Standards are often written as English narratives that are open to interpretation. Standards are also meant to be a functional description of how the protocol behaves and interacts with the other layers (above and below). Through-out the remaining chapters we will look in detail at several different standards and how their design and implementation impact security. There are several over-arching protocol design concepts that have an impact on network security. These include protocol specifications, protocol addresses, and protocol headers. 2.1 Protocol Specifications There is an ongoing debate about which is more secure: open-source or proprietary implementations. This discussion can also be applied to Network Protocols. Most network protocol standards are open and are subject to many rounds of review. This should lead to robust protocols with minimal design flaws; however, the requirements of most protocols are to implement a particular set of functions, and security is not a requirement. One side effect of an open protocol is that it is easier to discover security flaws in the protocol. Even though the protocol design is flawless from a functional standpoint, it might contain security flaws in the design. It is often impractical to use a proprietary protocol since multiple vendors need to interoperate. The application layer is the most common place for proprietary protocols since there is not always a requirement for interoperability between vendors.

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  Networking Systems Design and Development

  • Lee Chao(Author)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  31 2 Chapter Network Protocols Objectives Learn about the protocols used in the TCP/IP architecture. ◾ Understand the relationship among the protocols. ◾ Investigate network tools. ◾ 2.1 Introduction As described in Chapter 1, a protocol is the language used by a network for communication. A network uses different protocols to accomplish different tasks. In the later chapters, the concept of Network Protocols will be mentioned frequently. Before we can create and manage a network, we need to know how these Network Protocols work, what their responsibilities are, and how they are related. In this chapter, we will take a closer look at these protocols. This chapter first provides the information about each of these protocols in detail. Then, we will investigate how these protocols are related in the TCP/IP architecture. During network operation, Linux provides various tools for managing these protocols. This is why Linux is such a key component in network implementation and management. In the hands-on practice included in this chapter, we are going to investigate the network management tools included in Ubuntu Linux. In Chapter 1, we have mentioned that a Linux-based network system can be implemented by closely following the TCP/IP network architecture. There are four layers in the TCP/IP architec-ture: the application layer, transport layer, Internet layer, and network interface layer. Each layer in the TCP/IP architecture includes several protocols that perform certain tasks. In the following, we will introduce the commonly known protocols in each of the layers. 32 ◾ Networking Systems Design and Development 2.2 Application Layer Protocols The application layer takes care of the communication between application software installed on two hosts on a network, such as a conference call or remote connection of a database server.

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  Computer Network Simulation Using NS2

  • Ajit Kumar Nayak, Satyananda Champati Rai, Rajib Mall(Authors)
  • 2016(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  C HAPTER 2 N ETWORK P ROTOCOLS Computer communication is a complex task. The complexity lies not only in making the communication between various machines reliable and effi-cient, but also supporting various media types, computers with very differ-ent hardware and speed, and the fact that various network components may be manufactured by different vendors and may need to be upgraded fre-quently considering that networking is a dynamic field. This complexity has been attacked by deploying two main technologies in the solution. These are standardization and layering. Computer communication is achieved through a set of protocols. The lay-ering and standardization of protocols played a key role in the rapid accep-tance and growth of computer networks. Standardization is vital to the satis-factory operation of computer networks, as different parts of a network often operate using hardware and software manufactured by different vendors. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) formed a sub-committee named OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) to oversee the stan-dardization work. ISO/OSI proposed a seven-layer protocol model for com-puter communication in 1979. A cornerstone of the ISO/OSI model is the organization of various networking protocols into well-defined layers. Lay-ering helps to overcome the complexity of network operations and facili-tates rapid evolution of Network Protocols. In the ISO/OSI seven-layer struc-ture, each layer provides certain well-defined services to its upper layer. The ISO/OSI protocol now serves as more of a theoretical reference, whereas TCP/IP can be considered a practical implementation of the ISO/OSI pro-tocol suite. 2.1 TCP/IP Protocol Suite The TCP/IP protocol suite was developed by DARPA in 1969 to provide seamless communication services across an internetwork consisting of a large number of different networks. The TCP/IP protocol suite is a collection 37

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