Computer Science
IP Addressing
IP addressing is a method used to assign unique numerical labels to devices connected to a network, enabling them to communicate with each other. It allows for the identification and location of devices on a network, facilitating the transmission of data between them. IP addresses are essential for the functioning of the internet and other networks.
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eBook - PDFCompTIA Network+ Certification Guide (Exam N10-008)
Unleash your full potential as a Network Administrator (English Edition)
- Eithne Hogan(Author)
- 2023(Publication Date)
- BPB Publications(Publisher)
The reader will be able to compare IPv4 and IPv6 in terms of address structure, addressing capacity, and benefits of usage. The chapter will end with a brief description of the methods of transitioning from IPv4 to IPv6, and given a scenario, implement and configure the appropriate addressing schema. IP Addressing and Subnetting 89 IP Addressing An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label such as 192.0.2.1 that is connected to a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two main functions: (1) network interface identification and (2) location addressing. Consequently, IP Addressing is the global practice of assigning numerical labels to any device on a computer network. The concept of this form of numerical labeling is best understood, when one appreciates why it is needed and how networks would not function without some form of addressing. Note: An IP address is a logical address. It is not a physical address or a MAC address. A physical address is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. MAC addresses operate on Layer 2 of the OSI model. This involves switching and transmission of frames. IP Addressing was designed to allow hosts (end devices) on one network to communicate with a host on a different network irrespective of the type of local area networks the hosts are participating in. This means we are discussing routing and transmission of packets between networks. Transmission of packets and routing operates at layer 3 of the OSI model. Therefore, IP Addressing is a Layer 3 protocol. In figure 4.1, we see the output from an ipconfig /all command in the Microsoft Windows command prompt. The output displays the physical/MAC address on the wireless network adapter and the logical IP Addressing configured on the system: Figure 4.1: Layer 2 and Layer 3 addressing
eBook - PDFGuide to TCP/IP
IPv6 and IPv4
- James Pyles, Jeffrey Carrell, Ed Tittel, , James Pyles, Jeffrey Carrell, Ed Tittel(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
In fact, you will learn to identify how many devices can be attached to a network based on the structure of its IP address, and how to manage this structure to subdivide or aggregate addresses to meet specific connectivity needs. IP Addressing Basics Although human beings prefer symbolic names — for instance, we think it ’ s easier to remember a string, such as www.cengage.com , than a numeric address , such as 192.168.0.1 (IPv4) or 2001:0db8:1234::c0a8:0001 (IPv6) — computers are the opposite. They deal with network addresses in the form of bit patterns that translate into decimal or hexadecimal numbers. Thus, what we express as 192.168.0.1 or 2001:0db8:1234::c0a8:0001, a computer “ sees ” as 11000000101010000000000000000001. IP uses a three-part addressing scheme: symbolic name, logical numeric address, and physical numeric address. The symbolic name is a human-recognizable name that takes a particular form, such as www .support.com or dell.com . These are called domain names . To be valid, a domain name must correspond to at least one unique numeric IP address . A domain is any collection of comput-ing devices connected on a network and administered as a unit. Domain names only point to numeric addresses; they are not the same as those addresses. Nevertheless, they are very important because they are what most people use to identify spe-cific hosts on the Internet (and on their own networks). You ’ ll learn a lot more about domain names in Chapter 8, where we discuss the Domain Name System (DNS) and the protocols and services that make it possible to translate symbolic domain names and numeric IP addresses. For IPv4, the logical numeric address consists of a set of four numbers separated by periods — for example, 172.16.1.10. Each of these four numbers must be smaller than 256 in order to be represented by eight binary digits, or bits. This puts the range for each number between 0 and 255 — the lowest and highest values that can be represented by an 8-bit string.
No longer available |Learn moreCompTIA Network+ Study Guide
Exam N10-008
- Todd Lammle(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Sybex(Publisher)
IP Addressing THE FOLLOWING COMPTIA NETWORK+ EXAM OBJECTIVES ARE COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER: ✓ ✓ 1.4 Given a scenario, configure a subnet and use appropriate IP Addressing schemes. ✓ ■ Public vs. private ✓ ■ RFC1918 ✓ ■ Network address translation (NAT) ✓ ■ IPv4 vs. IPv6 ✓ ■ Automatic Private IP Addressing (APIPA) ✓ ■ Extended unique identifier (EUI-64) ✓ ■ Multicast ✓ ■ Unicast ✓ ■ Anycast ✓ ■ Broadcast ✓ ■ Link local ✓ ■ Loopback ✓ ■ Default gateway ✓ ■ IPv4 subnetting ✓ ■ Classless (variable-length subnet mask ) ✓ ■ Classful ✓ ■ A ✓ ■ B ✓ ■ C Chapter 7 ✓ ■ D ✓ ■ E ✓ ■ Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) notation ✓ ■ IPv6 concepts ✓ ■ Tunneling ✓ ■ Dual stack ✓ ■ Shorthand notation ✓ ■ Router advertisement ✓ ■ Stateless address autoconfiguration (SLAAC) ✓ ■ Virtual IP (VIP) ✓ ■ Subinterfaces One of the most important topics in any discussion of TCP/IP is IP Addressing. An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the specific location of a device on the network. An IP address is a logical address, not a hardware address—the latter is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. IP Addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different net-work regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in. Before we get into the more complicated aspects of IP Addressing, you need to understand some of the basics. First, I’m going to explain some of the fundamentals of IP Addressing and its terminology. Then you’ll learn about the hierarchical IP Addressing scheme and private IP addresses. I’ll define unicast, multicast, and broadcast addresses and then finish the chapter with a discussion on IPv6. And I promise to make it all as painless as possible.
- Glen D. Singh(Author)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Packt Publishing(Publisher)
Chapter 3 : IP Addressing and SubnettingThe internet acts as an enormous digital world, and it's continuously expanding with new users and internet-connected devices coming online every day. Every device on a network requires some type of address to be able to communicate and exchange messages. To meet this need, Internet Protocol (IP ) addresses are commonly used.Throughout this chapter, you will learn about the characteristics of both IPv4 and IPv6 addressing schemes, while discovering the various types of transmissions that occur on a network, as well as the importance of subnet masks and the role they play in a network.In this chapter, we will cover the following topics:- The need for IP Addressing
- Characteristics of IPv4
- Classes of IPv4 addresses
- Special IPv4 addresses
- Subnet mask
- Subnetting
- IPv6
- Lab – Configuring IPv6 addresses on a Cisco device
- Lab – Configuring IPv6 addresses on a Windows computer
- Testing end-to-end connectivity
Technical requirements
To follow along with the exercises in this chapter, please ensure that you meet the following hardware and software requirements:- Cisco Packet Tracer
- GNS3
- GNS3 VM
- Configuration files: https://github.com/PacktPublishing/Implementing-and-Administering-Cisco-Solutions/tree/master/Chapter%2003
Check out the following video to see the Code in Action: https://bit.ly/3iQDXZTThe need for IP Addressing
A computer network is a bit like a neighborhood or community. Communities consist of many people, houses, schools, and businesses. Each of these houses and buildings has a postal (mailing) address that allows others to send letters and packages via a courier service to the recipients. Without a mailing or postal address, it's a bit challenging for others to send a physical letter or package to you. Similarly, on a computer network, each device has a unique address that is used for sending and receiving messages (signals) between them. These addresses are known as Internet Protocol addresses and are most commonly referred to as IP addresses.
eBook - ePub- Glen D. Singh(Author)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Packt Publishing(Publisher)
4 Understanding IPv4 and IPv6 Addressing Each device connected to a network needs a logical address to be able to communicate with other devices and share resources. Without logical addressing, a sender will not be able to specify the delivery address or location for a message, and a recipient of a message will not know the sender’s address if a response is needed. Within private networks within organizations and public networks on the internet, each device is assigned a logical address, which helps networking devices forward messages between a source and a destination. In this chapter, you will understand the need for public and private IP address spaces and why it matters to networking professionals and organizations. You will gain a solid foundation in understanding the various types of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and why these address types are needed on networks. Lastly, you will explore IPv6 concepts and learn how to configure IP addresses on various devices. In this chapter, we will cover the following topics: The need for IP Addressing Exploring the structure of IPv4 and IPv6 Types of IPv4 and IPv6 addresses Delving into IPv6 concepts Configuring IP addresses Let’s dive in! Technical requirements To follow along with the exercises in this chapter, please ensure that you have met the following hardware and software requirements: Windows 10: https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/evalcenter/evaluate-windows-10-enterprise Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop: https://ubuntu.com/download/desktop Cisco IOS router The need for IP Addressing An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a Layer 3 logical address that is assigned to all devices on a network to allow communication between nodes on different IP networks. Imagine sending a letter to a friend or relative using traditional postal services. After writing the letter, you’ll need to include the sender’s address if the recipient wants to reply to your letter
eBook - PDF- Greg Tomsho(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
chapter 6 IP Addressing After reading this chapter and completing the exercises, you will be able to: • Explain IPv4 addressing • Use Classless Interdomain Routing Notation • Perform subnetting calculations • Configure IPv4 addresses • Describe Network Address Translation • Describe IPv6 • Recognize IPv6 address types • Explain IPv6 autoconfiguration • Describe IPv4 to IPv6 transitioning methods 237 Copyright 2016 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. A major task that network administrators must perform is setting up a Layer 3 addressing scheme. All devices must have a Layer 3 address to communicate in a TCP/IP network, and no two addresses can be the same throughout the internetwork. In a TCP/ IP network, an administrator must be concerned with both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses, and a suitable design and method for address delivery must be developed for both. In this chapter, you learn about IPv4 addresses and how to design and use a suitable subnetting scheme in an internetwork. You also learn about IPv6, the different methods for autocon-figuring IPv6 addresses, and the IPv6 address structure, which differs substantially from IPv4 ’ s structure. IPv4 Addressing Table 6-1 summarizes what you need for the hands-on projects in this chapter. An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number divided into four 8-bit values called “ octets. ” Each octet can have a value from 0 to 255. IPv4 addresses are written in dotted decimal notation . This format consists of four decimal numbers, each in the range 0 to 255, separated by a period.
eBook - ePubCompTIA Network+ Study Guide
Exam N10-007
- Todd Lammle(Author)
- 2018(Publication Date)
- Sybex(Publisher)
Chapter 7 IP AddressingTHE FOLLOWING COMPTIA NETWORK+ EXAM OBJECTIVES ARE COVERED IN THIS CHAPTER:✓ 1.4 Given a scenario, configure the appropriate IP Addressing components- Private vs. public
- Loopback and reserved Default gateway
- Virtual IP Subnet mask
- Classful
- Classes A, B, C, D, and E
- Classful
- Address assignments DHCP
- DHCPv6
- Static
- APIPA
- EUI64
✓ 1.3 Explain the concepts and characteristics of routing and switching- Properties of network traffic
- Broadcast domains
- Broadcast
- Multicast
- Unicast
- Addressing
One of the most important topics in any discussion of TCP/IP is IP Addressing. An IP address is a numeric identifier assigned to each machine on an IP network. It designates the specific location of a device on the network.An IP address is a logical address, not a hardware address—the latter is hard-coded on a network interface card (NIC) and used for finding hosts on a local network. IP Addressing was designed to allow hosts on one network to communicate with a host on a different network regardless of the type of LANs the hosts are participating in.Before we get into the more complicated aspects of IP Addressing, you need to understand some of the basics. First I’m going to explain some of the fundamentals of IP Addressing and its terminology. Then you’ll learn about the hierarchical IP Addressing scheme and private IP addresses.I’ll define unicast, multicast, and broadcast addresses and then finish the chapter with a discussion on IPv6. And I promise to make it all as painless as possible.The reason that we would even discuss IPv6 (besides to cover the objectives, of course) is the lack of IPv4 addresses available for use in future networks, which we need to keep our corporate and private networks and even the Internet running. Basically, we’re running out of addresses for all our new hosts! IPv6 will fix this for us.
eBook - PDF- Greg Tomsho(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
285 Table 6-1 summarizes what you need for the hands-on projects in this chapter. IP Addressing After reading this chapter and completing the exercises, you will be able to: Explain IPv4 addressing Use Classless Interdomain Routing Notation Perform subnetting calculations Configure IPv4 addresses Describe Network Address Translation Describe IPv6 Recognize IPv6 address types Explain IPv6 autoconfiguration Describe IPv4 to IPv6 transitioning methods CHAPTER 6 Hands-on project Requirements Time required Notes Hands-On Project 6-1: Converting Decimal Numbers to Binary Paper and pencil 15 minutes Hands-On Project 6-2: Converting Binary Numbers to Decimal Paper and pencil 15 minutes Hands-On Project 6-3: Working with CIDR Notation Paper and pencil 20 minutes Hands-on project requirements Table 6-1 (continues) Copyright 2020 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. CHAPTER 6 IP Addressing 286 Certification 98-366 Understanding protocols and services: Understand IPv4 Understanding network infrastructures: Understand local area networks (LANs) IPv4 Addressing An IPv4 address is a 32-bit number divided into four 8-bit values called “octets.” Each octet can have a value from 0 to 255. IPv4 addresses are written in dotted decimal notation. This format consists of four decimal numbers, each in the range of 0 to 255, separated by a period. For example, in the IPv4 address 10.255.0.100, 10 is the first octet and 100 is the fourth octet.
eBook - PDF- Gilbert Held(Author)
- 2002(Publication Date)
- Auerbach Publications(Publisher)
This recognition 60 The ABCs of TCP/IP resulted in the development of an addressing scheme in which certain classes of IP addresses are subdivided into a two-level addressing hierarchy. Exhibit 6 illustrates the two-level addressing hierarchy used by Class A, B, and C addresses whose composition and utilization are reviewed below. In examining the two-level IP Addressing scheme shown in Exhibit 6, it should be noted that all hosts on the same network are usually assigned the same network prefix, but must have a unique host address to differentiate one host from another. As noted later in this chapter, it is possible (although little noted) that multiple network addresses could reside on a common network. This is the exception rather than the rule. Similarly, two hosts on different networks should be assigned different network prefixes; however, the hosts can have the same host address. In thinking about this addressing technique, one can consider it in many ways to be similar to the structure of a telephone number. That is, no two people in the same area code can have the same phone number. It is both possible and likely that somewhere the same phone number exists in a different area code. One can also view Class A, B, and C addresses as having the following general format: < Network Number, Host Number > where the combined network number and host number have the form xxxx.xxxx.xxxx.xxxx, with each x representing a decimal value. Probing deeper into IP Addressing, one sees that the above format uses dotted decimal notation to reference IP addresses. By the end of this section, the reader will be conversant in the use of this method of IP address notation. Rationale During the IP standardization process, it was recognized that a single method of subdivision of the 32-bit address space into network and host portions would be wasteful with respect to the assignment of addresses.
eBook - PDF- Jill West(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Cengage Learning EMEA(Publisher)
An IP address can be used to find any computer in the world if the IP address is public on the Internet. Applications such as browsers can store and retrieve IP addresses. But for routing purposes, an IP address is used only at the network layer. Routers, which function primarily at layer 3, check IP addresses to determine which network a message is destined for. There are two types of IP addresses: ❍ IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) addresses have 32 bits and are written as four decimal numbers called octets, for example, 92.106.50.200. Each octet, when written in binary, consists of exactly 8 bits. For example, the octet 92 can be written as 0101 1100. ❍ IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) addresses have 128 bits and are written as eight blocks of hex numbers, for example, 2001:0DB8:0B80:0000:0000:00D3:9C 5A:00CC. Each block, when written in binary, contains 16 bits. • Transport layer ports—A port is a number used by the transport layer to find an application. It identifies one application among several that might be running on a host. For example, a web server application is usually configured to listen for incoming requests at port 80 or port 443. • Application layer domain names, computer names, and host names—Every host on a network is assigned a unique character-based name called the FQDN (fully qualified domain name), for example, susan.mycom- pany.com, ftp.mycompany.com, and www.mycompany.com. Collectively, the last two parts of a host’s name (for example, mycompany.com) are called the domain name, which matches the name of the organization’s domain or network. The first part (for example, susan, ftp, and www) is the host name, which identifies the COMPTIA NETWORK+ GUIDE TO NETWORKS 108 Copyright 2022 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
eBook - PDF- Syngress(Author)
- 2002(Publication Date)
- Syngress(Publisher)
Explaining IPv6 Addressing Solutions in this chapter: ■ The Basics of IPv6 Addressing ■ IPv6 Addressing Scheme Characteristics ■ The Need for Further Development Chapter 4 113 Summary Solutions Fast Track Frequently Asked Questions 114 Chapter 4 • Explaining IPv6 Addressing Introduction The explosion of Internet growth has created a severe depletion of the current Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) address space.The current IPv4 address space mainly serves the address requirements for the PC computer market in today’s service provider and enterprise business markets. However, the development of new mar-kets has required networks to support an increasing variety of network attach-ments, including mobile IP elements such as wireless and infrared devices and IP phones.This expansion of the market drives the need for a substantially larger IP address space. Routing and addressing using the IPv4 address space has become increasingly constrained, and as the Internet has grown, inefficiencies have arisen in the capability to deploy a hierarchal infrastructure that promotes address aggre-gation.The utilization of Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR) has extended the lifetime of the IPv4 address space considerably, but it is increasingly evident that the current IPv4 address space will be depleted in the near future. IPv6 rep-resents the next generation of Internet protocol that can meet both the current addressing requirements and those generated by emerging markets. IPv6 addresses are much different from IPv4 addresses from both an addressing structure and aggregation and routing functionality.These differences require designers of supporting protocols to re-design the operations of the pro-tocols.The mapping of addresses to hostnames via the Domain Name System (DNS) has been updated and is becoming increasingly more important as IPv6 starts to become widely used. Management protocols such as Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) will change to accommodate IPv6.
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