Geography
Climate Change Monitoring
Climate change monitoring involves the systematic observation and assessment of changes in the Earth's climate system. This includes tracking temperature fluctuations, sea level rise, and shifts in weather patterns. Monitoring efforts utilize a range of tools such as satellites, weather stations, and ocean buoys to gather data, which is then analyzed to understand the impacts of climate change and inform mitigation strategies.
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9 Key excerpts on "Climate Change Monitoring"
eBook - PDF- Maria Rellie B. Kalacas(Author)
- 2019(Publication Date)
- Society Publishing(Publisher)
Almost everyone on this planet will accept the fact that monitoring climatic change will only bring good. Earth can be saved from destruction only if an effective plan is laid out to adapt to climatic changes. We will also be able to reduce the change from happening, only, if we know the statistics of climate change. Hence getting data on climate variations becomes very important (Figure 8.4). Climate Change and Tourism 240 Figure 8.4: GIS students and professors of Columbia University with bal-loons used to aerially collect data, ( Source: http://www.ciesin.org/news. jsp?year=2017 ). The advancement in science and technology has made monitoring of climatic variations much easier than before. In the past, balloons, kites, and airplanes were used to monitor climate. Today the increasing number of satellites with specialized sensors, orbiting the planet and marine datasets have turned out to be a boon to the scientific community as they monitor the climate from hundreds of thousands of miles. Figure 8.5: Satellite orbiting earth, ( Source: https://www.youtube.com/ watch?reload=9&v=AUuNB0nA5Tg ). Thermometers, rain gauges, and other instruments are also used to record weather. Automated networks of scientific instruments help in Policies and Practices to Monitor Climate Change and Tourism 241 monitoring weather throughout day and night. These tools or instruments are very much efficient in detecting real-time global climatic readings which are used internationally. The data thus obtained enables scientists to analyze the climatic situations and impacts if any and share the same with the government officials to make better-informed decisions. Meteorological satellites remain to be an invaluable asset to monitor and understand climate change for more than 30 years and their contribution seem to grow increasingly over the future generations.
eBook - PDFClimate Change
Research and Technology for Adaptation and Mitigation
- Juan Blanco, Houshang Kheradmand, Juan Blanco, Houshang Kheradmand(Authors)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
especially information and communication. Within the framework of indicated above goals and developed targets are the sources for the successful investigations of the global climate change problems. We must strengthen global cooperation and redouble our efforts to reach the MDGs and advance the broader development agenda. In the meantime the use of the existed international communities in the area of the global monitoring of the Earth and atmosphere studies with application of the recent advance space technologies and methods can provide and develop a wide opportunities for study and exploration of the climate change impacts. It is understandable that the global phenomena demands use and application tools available to provide a significant contribution for solution. Problem of global climate change is a problem with a wide scale impact for the human society needed to be investigated with tools which creates of the operative collection of the appropriate data with further processing. In this connection the use and application of space technology mainly Remote Sensing methods and GIS technology needed to be applied for this purpose. Space Technology as the Tool in Climate Change Monitoring System 131 Taking into account a big scale of the problem it is my vision that the success in this developments depends how luckily will be integrated and engaged of the countries divided into regions in data collections, processing and sharing of this data among country participants. The importance of water and air in our daily life is clear to everyone, though they represent fragile earth resources that can change abruptly at times. Understanding the mechanics of climate change provide us with an essential need to prepare for the future. 4.3 Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies Providing Regional Climates for Impact Studies (PRECIS) is a regional climate modeling system that can be run on a PC.
eBook - PDF- G. Bruce Wiersma(Author)
- 2004(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Annex 1 sets out the need for identification and monitoring of ecosystems and habitats, species and communities, and described genomes and genes. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change has two specific refer- ences to monitoring. Article 4(g) calls for countries to promote and cooperate in scientific, technological, technical, socio-economic and other research; systematic observation, and development of data archives related to the climate system … regarding the causes, effects … of climate change. Article 5(a) requires signatories to support and further develop … networks … aimed at defining, conducting, assess- ing and financing research, data collection and systematic observation; and (b) … strengthen systematic observation and national scientific research capabilities. 94 Environmental Monitoring 4.4 APPLICATION OF THE RESULTS OF MONITORING Conducting monitoring programs, reporting results, and preparing scientific assess- ments are essential components of international environmental issues. Many of the Conventions include agreements by signatory countries to not only conduct moni- toring and research, but also to report results and prepare scientific assessments. The results of monitoring programs are frequently reported to the public in the form of indicators. An indicator is a statistic or parameter that is measured over time to provide information on trends in an environmental condition. Good indicators are sensitive to change, are supported by reliable, readily available monitoring data, are relevant to the issue, and are understood and accepted by intended users. Environ- mental indicators are selected key statistics that represent or summarize a significant aspect of the state of the environment, or of natural resource sustainability and the related human activities. To the extent possible, indicators provide information on what stresses are causing the trends.
eBook - PDFClimate Change
A Multidisciplinary Approach
- William James Burroughs(Author)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
4 The measurement of climate change The one duty we have to history is to rewrite it. Oscar Wilde. To be certain about how the climate has changed in the past we would need reliable measurements of the relevant parameters (e.g. temperature, rain-fall, cloud cover, extent of winter snow and sea-ice, etc.) for representative points around the globe, for regular intervals of time going back as far as we wanted. In practice we have none of these things. Even with modern obser-vations systems there are gaps in our knowledge of how the global climate is changing. Going back in time the problems mount. The whole process of improving the measurement of climate change is designed to fill in gaps in our knowledge of the past and establish a better foundation for the theories of why changes have occurred. The objectives of this chapter are: (a) to explore briefly the most essential features of various methods of measuring past climatic conditions; (b) to establish their strengths and weaknesses; and (c) to investigate whether the various measurements can be combined to provide a more coherent picture of climate variability and climate change. This involves going over some well-worn ground concerning the measure-ment of meteorological parameters. To achieve our objectives we must identify those features of measurement that limit our ability to draw con-clusions about how the climate has behaved in the past and how it is currently changing. 4.1 In situ instrumental observations In principle, modern instruments are capable of making most of the obser-vations needed to study climate change, but to do so they must measure the same thing under the same conditions, wherever they are. Temperature measurement provides good examples of how difficult this basic require-ment can be. While a properly calibrated thermometer can provide an accurate observation, ensuring that measurements are always made under the same conditions is less easy.
eBook - PDF- Ashley Kent(Author)
- 2000(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications Ltd(Publisher)
Contrasting viewpoints regarding the magnitude, causes and consequences of global warming highlight the importance of protecting and enhancing the monitoring of global weather and climate. The complexity of understanding climate change is that it is often multi-causal and the degree to which we can attribute global warming to the enhanced greenhouse effect remains a key challenge. Local and regional climatic trends often diverge from the global average, creating fertile ground for contradictory interpretations. A current priority in climate research is the greater understanding of regional climatic events such as El Niño, the North Atlantic Oscillation and the movement of large-scale ocean currents. The extent to which these phenomena will be influenced by global warming is still uncertain. A central issue is the way in which a response to global warming will be motivated. It may be that responses are generated less by abstract-sounding global statistics than by our direct experience of local climatic events and hazards. Reactions may be provoked if the response of the climate system to greenhouse gas forcing is non-linear Changing perspectives on changing climates 47 – that is, if weather patterns change abruptly instead of evolving steadily to some new state. To achieve a balanced perspective we need to evaluate the contribution (and consistency) of these short-term local events to the mosaic of longer-term global changes and their (as yet) more subtle effects. NOTES 1. The Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia: http://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/ 2. The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Meteorological Office: http://www.met-office.gov.uk/sec5/sec5pg1.html 3. John Daly’s website, Tasmania: http://www.vision.net.au/%7Edaly REFERENCES Burroughs, W.J. (1997) Does the Weather Really Matter? The Social Implications of Climatic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Calder, N. (1997) The Manic Sun.
- Jordi Catalan, Josep M. Ninot, M. Mercè Aniz(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Springer Open(Publisher)
The project focuses on implementing, moni-toring, evaluating, and disseminating adaptive management measures, with an ecosystem approach. The project objectives aim to reduce the negative impact of climatic change in the area of in fl uence of Natural Protected Areas. As a result, an increase in the resilience of the socio-ecosystems concerned is expected, in such a way that their future provision of services will also be improved, in comparison to the scenario of no intervention. 16.10.3 Last, But not the Least: Maintaining Monitoring Over the Long Term Global change monitoring programmes arise from the visionary effort of some people, but must survive those founding individuals with the challenge to survive the year-to-year political vagaries through consolidation of monitoring programmes into the existing research institutions (Universities, National Research Agencies) and environmental management institutions (public authorities responsible for environmental management). Research institutions have to vertebrate short-term research ordinarily engaged by individual researchers into long-term research and monitoring programme to ensure the continuity for collecting, documenting, 16 Monitoring Global Change in High Mountains 407 and analysing key biophysical and socioeconomic processes. For understanding, modelling, and managing nature, nothing has more value than a long series of fi eld data. To amass this long series of data and maintain it live and operative over time, long-term needs fi nancial and personal resources that are not always available for planning failures. Meanwhile, the use of monitoring information will allow man-agers to confront and mitigate global change threats to ecosystem function and services by designing the appropriate management measures.
eBook - PDFRemote Sensing of Land Use and Land Cover
Principles and Applications
- Chandra P. Giri(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
303 20 North American Land-Change Monitoring System Rasim Latifovic, Colin Homer, Rainer Ressl, Darren Pouliot, Sheikh Nazmul Hossain, René R. Colditz, Ian Olthof, Chandra P. Giri, and Arturo Victoria 20.1 INTRODUCTION Global- and continental-scale land-cover and land-cover change information is required to better understand land-surface processes that characterize environmental, social, and economic aspects of sustainability. Land cover plays an important role in a number of environmental issues, such as migratory wildlife, water supply, landscape biochemical processes, climate change, and pollution, which may influence ecosystem and human health across borders. The scientific requirement for global and continental land-cover information has long been articulated, especially at the interna-tional level by the International Geosphere Biosphere Programme (IGBP), World Climate Research Programme (WCRP), and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES). Global and continental land-cover information is needed to implement the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), the UN Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (CCD), and the UN CONTENTS 20.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 303 20.2 North American Land-Change Monitoring System ............................................................. 304 20.2.1 Overview ................................................................................................................... 304 20.2.2 Land-Cover Monitoring ............................................................................................ 305 20.3 Method and Data ..................................................................................................................
eBook - ePubHandbook of Drought and Water Scarcity
Principles of Drought and Water Scarcity
- Saeid Eslamian, Faezeh A. Eslamian(Authors)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
14 Monitoring, Assessment, and Forecasting of Drought Using Remote Sensing and the Geographical Information System Vaibhav Garg Indian Space Research Organisation Saeid Eslamian Isfahan University of Technology 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Principles of Remote Sensing and the Geographical Information System Satellites and Their Orbits • Passive and Active Remote Sensing • Resolutions • Swath 14.3 Drought Monitoring, Assessment, and Forecasting Based on Rainfall Estimates • Based on Vegetation Condition • Based on Land Surface Temperature • Based on Evapotranspiration • Based on Soil Moisture • Hydrological Modeling Approach 14.4 Global, National, and Regional Drought Monitoring and Early Warning Systems 14.5 Summary and Conclusions Authors References Abstract Drought events with varying intensity are usually reported from every part of the globe. The spatiotemporally varying climatic factors such as rainfall, temperature, evaporation, and soil moisture are triggering droughts of different intensities. It is very difficult to estimate these varying parameters with traditional field measurement. This chapter provides an overview of how remote sensing and the geographical information system (GIS) can be used for the monitoring, assessment, and forecasting of drought phenomena. The recent advancements in the field of remote sensing techniques provide capabilities to estimate hydrological parameters important for drought studies, such as rainfall, evapotranspiration (ET), soil moisture, land surface temperature (LST), and vegetation status at reasonable spatial and temporal scales. Those sensors that can be used to derive such parameters are discussed in detail. With the advancement of computing technology, the capabilities of GIS have also improved. In each section, can be utilized to extract information at the required spatial or temporal scale is depicted through descriptive figures
- A.K. Oppenheim(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Pergamon(Publisher)
This period may be, for example, a month, a season, a year, a decade, a century, etc. Monthly or seasonal variations from the mean are very definitely within the domain of climate research, as are the longer-term trends that we usually refer to as climate change—whether due to natural or man-made influ-ences. The present paper, then, will deal with those aspects of the atmosphere-ocean-cryosphere-land system (hereafter to be referred to as simply the System) that can be fruitfully observed from the vantage of space, where such observations may lead to a better understanding of the factors that determine our climate and its variations. 2. The climate system The System that we live in and that sets the pace for human activity as well as the climate can only be truly understood in terms of the interactions between its many components—though, to be sure, it is useful to study the components sepa-rately as well. In this section we will attempt to set the stage for a discussion of satellite observations by very briefly sketching how we conceive this System to work. The interested reader is referred to any of the more comprehensive reviews of the subject for more details, e.g., the SMIC Report[5] or the collection of papers in Man's Impact on the Climate [6]. The weather is the most obvious aspect of the climate. We are aware of it every day of our lives, and the climate is usually described in terms of the atmospheric variables that we can sense, such as temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, winds, and so forth. It is a fluid that behaves like any heat engine, driven by an excess of solar heat added at low latitudes and cooled by an excess of The earth's climate as seen from space 83 infrared radiation to space in the polar regions, and its circulation results in a transport of heat from equator to pole. The key to an understanding of the mean behavior of the atmosphere and its variations is therefore to be able to describe its heat budget.
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