Geography
Effects of Migration
The effects of migration refer to the social, economic, and cultural impacts resulting from the movement of people from one place to another. These effects can include changes in population demographics, labor markets, and cultural diversity. Migration can also lead to both positive and negative consequences for both the sending and receiving communities, influencing factors such as economic development and social cohesion.
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10 Key excerpts on "Effects of Migration"
eBook - PDF- Joseph P. Stoltman(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- SAGE Publications, Inc(Publisher)
Migration involves people leaving a place (origin) and arriving at a new place (destination) under varying circum- stances. Migration is not pursued in isolation because the decision to migrate is linked to numerous push and pull factors. If City A has 30% unemployment and City B has a 5% or lower unemployment rate, it seems apparent that the economic hardship would act as the push factor to encourage people to leave City A and the opportunity (low unemployment rate) would act as the factor pulling people toward City B. There are intervening obstacles, which may impede migration, and that discussion is presented later in the chapter. Wherever there are movements of people, there are consequent demographic, social, and economic changes with spatial implications. Geographers study the spatial nature of movement and seek to derive the motives that people have for moving. The geographic contexts for 231 232 • HUMAN GEOGRAPHY migration occurs in multiple forms, such as people fleeing regions experiencing military conflicts, land-poor people settling new lands that are available for agriculture, or the mass migrations of Europeans moving to the Americas during times of religious, economic, and political repres- sion. These movements represent humans' quest for new beginnings and illustrate the migration phenomenon and restructuring of populated places in the world. Geography as a spatial discipline synthesizes and analyzes migration at different scales in the context of a place of origin and a place of destination. What Is Migration? What is migration? It can be defined spatially, based on where and how long individuals change their residential address domestically or internationally. Is the move perma- nent or semipermanent? Is it migration if a person moves from downtown Los Angeles to Hollywood? How about Mr.
- Colin Pooley, Jean Turnbull(Authors)
- 2005(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
The central question to be addressed in this chapter can be put very simply: did migration matter? This question can be explored by focusing on the impact on individual people and their families, on the places that migrants left and went to, and on change within the wider structures of economy and society. The main difficulty in examining links between migration and social and economic change at either the individual or societal level relates to the issue of causation. The fact that migration was occurring at a time of economic change in a particular region, or of turmoil in the lives of individual migrants, does not mean that the events were necessarily related. Even if there was a relationship the nature of causation is not always clear. For instance, was migration a response to forces of change operating within society as a whole, or was the process of migration itself an agent of change? Did an individual move because of major difficulties or changes in their circumstances, or did the act of migration itself create new problems and fundamentally change people’s lives?There are, of course, no simple answers to such questions, and in many instances a whole host of causes and effects will have been closely interrelated. Disentangling these for the more distant past may be an impossible task. The aim of this chapter is to use both the longitudinal migration data and evidence from diaries and life histories provided by family historians to begin to explore some of the impacts of migration on individuals, places and wider society. This is achieved by, first, examining the impacts of short distance and long distance mobility, suggesting that the impacts of these events would have been rather different. Second, the impact of migration on places is assessed by reviewing evidence from the aggregate data set for links between migration and processes of local and regional change. Third, the extent to which the meaning of migration, and its links to other processes of change, varied over time is explored by focusing on four cohorts of migrants with similar characteristics to examine the extent to which parallel processes were operating at different periods of time. It is obvious that historical events assume much greater significance if they had an impact on and meaning for the people involved, and if they were related to the broader processes of change that were taking place within society. Because of the volume of migration in the past, and its potentially disruptive effects in moving people from one part of the country to another, it is usually assumed that migration had such significance. This chapter explores this proposition in detail drawing on evidence provided by family historians.
eBook - ePubHuman Migration
A Geographical Perspective
- Gareth J. Lewis(Author)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
7
CAUSES OF MIGRATION
DOI: 10.4324/9781003183051-7Unlike birth and death, migration has no physiological component; rather it is a response by humans to a series of economic, social and political stimuli within the environment. Such stimuli take the form of attractiveness of a location which can be generated by changes within the environment or in a person’s value system. If, as a result of these changes, the person becomes dissatisfied with his home location, then a desire to migrate will be generated. The strength of the desire to migrate, and whether it is fulfilled or not, will vary according to the needs of the individual, the constraints upon him and the strength of the dissatisfaction (Pryor, 1975b). For example, according to Lord Eversley the vast exodus of labourers from the rural districts into the towns of England and Wales during the nineteenth century was due not only to ‘greater prosperity and the general rise of wages in the manufacturing and mining districts’, but also ‘to a growing disinclination to farm work among labourers in rural districts, to the absence of opportunities to them of rising in their vocation, and to a desire for the greater independence and freedom of life in towns’ (Eversley, 1907, 280). Within this listing of the factors explaining migration, two undifferentiated sets of forces appear to exist: on the one hand, there are stimuli to migrate created by changes within the environment and, on the other, changes in the personal motives of the individual.The analysis of migration causes has attracted considerable attention, in particular the decision to migrate, the decision where to migrate to, and the criteria involved in such decisions. Most of the emphasis of the research, however, has been on the latter aspect of the causal nexus (Cebula, 1980); the decision-making context having only recently become a focus of attention (see Chapter 8
eBook - PDFClimate and Human Migration
Past Experiences, Future Challenges
- Robert A. McLeman(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Cambridge University Press(Publisher)
For migrants travelling long distances to settle in new and unfamiliar places, migration may be a long and arduous process, with integration into the destination population never completed within the migrant’s own lifetime, but continued by subsequent generations. The migration process as experienced by the individual does not exist in a vacuum; it is nested within larger sets of dynamic and interconnected cultural, economic, envi- ronmental, political, and social processes that shape human behavior more gener- ally. A decision to migrate today may be the product of any number of antecedent 2 Why People Migrate 2.2 Basic Assumptions of Modern Migration Research and Their Origins 17 conditions and events. And, once acted upon, the decision to migrate generates new sets of risks and opportunities not only for the migrant, but for his or her social net- work, and for the sending and receiving communities as well. Migration is more than simply a movement across physical space; it is a change in the trajectory of an indi- vidual and those connected to that individual through social space. The aim of this chapter is to provide the nonspecialist a clear overview of current scholarly understanding of the migration process and to introduce a set of basic the- ories, concepts, and terms that: Have been used in a wide variety of settings to explain and interpret how migration deci- • sions are made and the factors that shape migration behavior generally; Can be used to describe and analyze in a systematic fashion known examples of migration • related to droughts, floods, extreme weather events, and other climate-related phenomena; and Will be combined in • Chapter 3 with scholarship that considers human vulnerability and adaptation to climatic variability and change in order to create a conceptual framework that shows the interactions between climate and migration within the context of an adaptive human-environment system.
eBook - ePubBritain's Population
Demographic Issues in Contemporary Society
- Steven Jackson(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
6MIGRATION AND THE GEOGRAPHY OF POPULATION
The patterns of population change in any given area are determined by the combined effects of prevailing trends in fertility, mortality and migration. As noted, Britain’s population in the 1990s is relatively stable, with little inherent potential for natural growth in the foreseeable future and a probable long-term decline. However, a stable national regime masks the importance of more volatile patterns of change within individual localities. Patterns of fertility and mortality vary from place to place in relation to population structure and local economic performance, but the principal influence on local patterns of change is the movement of population. Some areas of Britain have lost significant numbers over the past twenty years, particularly the inner areas of the major metropolitan centres. Other localities have grown substantially as a result of a sustained influx of migrants. The movement of population not only influences the distribution of total numbers but also impacts on local variations in fertility and mortality. Migration flows tend to be selective in terms of age and social status. The influx to. the expanding centres in the South East tends to be characterized by young, skilled or professional adults with the effect of creating a bulge in the age/sex structure and a rise in underlying trends in fertility. The stream of retirement migrants to the English coastal resorts has the reverse effect, adding to the levels of mortality in the receiving communities.Patterns of population movement occur at different levels and at different scales. In Britain the dominant flows are the general drift of population from the industrial districts of the North and West towards the metropolitan economy in the South and East, and the outflow from the larger towns and metropolitan centres towards suburban and rural districts. This latter stream of movement is commonly referred to as ‘counterurbanization’ and reflects a sustained pattern of population redistribution that has been effective at varying rates throughout the twentieth century. At a more local level there is a constant ebb and flow of movement over short distances as a consequence of residential relocation. In this chapter the complex patterns of population movement, reflecting both dimensions of time and space, will be considered at a number of different scales: international migration, inter-regional movements, intra-regional shifts and local mobility.
eBook - ePub- Julius Issac(Author)
- 2013(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
Chapter III , becomes problematic when applied to countries with an advanced division of labour, wide differences of real income among the population, and different economic interests in the various groups. Clearly the effect of migration on the standard of living of these groups is significantly different. Normally, immigration which implies an increased labour supply may be useful to entrepreneurs, landowners and trade, but may have adverse effects on the standard of living of the working class in so far as migrant competes with native labour; on the other hand immigration of capitalists and entrepreneurs may be beneficial to the native working class but detrimental to native entrepreneurs and capitalists. We must therefore extend our inquiry by examining the Effects of Migration on the various factors which determine the standard of living of a community as a whole and of the groups of which it consists.1. The Effect of Migration From the Demographic ViewpointA. THE QUANTITATIVE ASPECTi. Maithus’ TheoryThough common sense would suggest that immigration involves an increase of population in the country of immigration and a corresponding decrease in the country of emigration, closer investigation shows that a qualification of this simple proposition may be necessary with respect to the effect of migration on the growth of the native stock in the receiving country as well as on the growth of the population in the homeland. We have already mentioned Malthus’ attitude towards this problem. Holding that population would continually exert pressure on subsistence, he consistently concluded that in the long run migration would leave unaffected the size of the population in both the countries concerned. Migration might be useful and proper from a general standpoint in so far as it results in a more general cultivation of the earth and a wider extension of civilization, but the country of emigration can at best expect some temporary relief from pressure on subsistence. The losses would almost immediately be made up by earlier marriages and increased fertility, so that pressure would be soon as great as before. The State therefore has no reason to prevent its subjects from emigrating; any fear of depopulation from emigration is unfounded, the more so as people feel attachment to their homes and are prepared to emigrate only if in extreme poverty, or for political reasons; it would be “cruelty and injustice” to detain them.1
eBook - ePub- Luke Martell(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Polity(Publisher)
6 The Effects of Migration: Is Migration a Problem or a Solution? So far, I have looked at causes, types and patterns of migration. In this chapter I will focus on the Effects of Migration primarily, but not only, on host countries. In the public and political discourses of rich countries, migration is often more about immigration than emigration, about the effects for receiving countries as much as for the migrant or their countries of origin, and is frequently seen as a problem. This chapter will look at the extent to which discourses about immigration as a problem are right or not. Looking at it with an open mind, there are powerful moral and practical arguments for migration. Given countervailing evidence, hostility to migration must be as much to do with racism and intolerance as with rational argument. Citizenship systems How nations receive migrants varies. Commentators identify a number of citizenship systems. Different countries have different systems for integrating migrants when they arrive. These also vary over time so countries may adopt one system in one period and then shift to other ones later. Equally, states may combine aspects of more than one system at any one time. One response to migrants in some receiving countries has been the guestworker system. This involves migrants being welcomed into a country to work but without full citizenship rights. To get citizenship requires family links. So it is based on blood relations, which means it is often effectively based on shared ethnicity. Residence or employment in the country, even over a long time, does not qualify migrants for citizenship. Contribution to the country does not count and sometimes people who have been born in a country and are second- or third-generation immigrants do not qualify for citizenship. This leads to a differential and exclusionary experience. Migrants are workers, but as guests, and they are differentiated from those who are full citizens by kinship
eBook - ePubMigration and Mobility
Biosocial Aspects of Human Movement
- A.J. Boyce(Author)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
INTER-URBAN MIGRATION IN BRITAIN: A GEOGRAPHICAL PERSPECTIVE
J.H. JOHNSONDepartment of Geography, University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA 1 4YW, UKINTRODUCTION
As societies, economies and transport systems become modernized, then more frequent, longer, and more complex movements of population commonly take place. As this spatial mobility of population grows, the resulting diverse movements of population become more and more difficult to fit into an easy typology; but a critical distinction must be made between temporary movements connected with everyday activities and those moves which involve a change of home, with the social and economic costs that this entails (figure 1 ). Not that the two types are independent, since temporary movements provide the opportunity to acquire the information which may lead to permanent migration. For example, retirement moves are often made to resort areas known earlier in life and intra-urban residential moves are frequently made to sectors of the city which are known for other reasons. Focusing on permanent moves (in so far as the term ‘permanent’ can be applied to any population movement in modern urban society), a critical distinction is between those moves which simply involve a change of residence and those which also involve a change in employment (Johnson 1976 ). The study of ‘ labour migration’ – the simultaneous change of job and of home – has taken on greater importance in recent decades for a number of inter-related reasons.FIGURE 1. Some types of population migration.Reduced levels of fertility are leading to parallel falls in natural increase in many parts of the developed world. In Britain, it is likely that the period of relatively rapid population increase since the end of World War II is at last at an end. As a result, population migration of all types is becoming more important in causing changes in population totals and in modifying local population structures. The importance of migration is not merely demographic. In the past many regionally based planning proposals have often assumed that natural increase would more than offset loss by migration. This assumption has usually proved to be true, at least as far as the population totals of major regions are concerned, although not necessarily at a local scale. It could be quite confidently expected that planning errors in the over-provision of houses or jobs could be corrected in the longer term, as total regional population grew. Now, however, mistakes in the allocation of regional investment appear more difficult to adjust (Johnson & Salt 1981
eBook - PDFHuman Geography
People, Place, and Culture
- Erin H. Fouberg, Alexander B. Murphy(Authors)
- 2020(Publication Date)
- Wiley(Publisher)
Most are migrants who reported average salaries of less than $150 a month. This chapter explores why people migrate, whether by force or voluntarily. We discuss where people migrate, both within countries and across country borders, and how governments impact migration. CHAPTER OUTLINE 3.1 Explain migration as a type of movement. • Cyclic Movement • Migration 3.2 Explain Historic and Modern Forced Migration. • Historic Forced Migration • Modern Slavery and Human Trafficking 3.3 Explain the Theories of Migration and Understand the Motivations for Migration. • Laws of Migration and the Gravity Model • Push and Pull Factors 3.4 Identify why refugees are a distinct group of migrants and describe where most refugees migrate. • Distribution of Refugees • Areas of Dislocation 3.5 Determine how government policies impact migration. • Waves of Immigration in the United States • Legal Restrictions Photo by A.B. Murphy. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. FIGURE 3.1 Mumbai, India. A view from the top of a high-rise in the central city, looking at one of the slums found tucked between buildings throughout the city. The Census of India reports that more than 50 percent of the Mumbai’s residents live in slums. 3.1 Explain Migration as a Type of Movement 63 Migration is a type of movement that changes both the places migrants leave and the places they go. The movement of peo- ple along paths of migration creates connections and networks among places. Migration changes how people see themselves and others. It also increases spatial interaction and speeds the diffusion of ideas and innovations among places connected through migration. Geographers identify two basic types of movement. Leav- ing home for a defined amount of time and returning home is called cyclic movement. Migration changes the location of home and has a degree of permanence not found in cyclic movement. Migration is movement from a home location to a new place with an intent to stay in the new place permanently.
- Ahmad Ahsan, Manolo Abella, Andrew Beath, Yukon Huang, Manjula Luthria, Trang Van Nguyen(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- World Bank(Publisher)
There is some evidence that firm-level productivity and research and development spending can fall in the short term, but more investment from higher profits of firms and higher education levels of native workers should offset this over the medium term. The experience of China’s coastal prov-inces that have hosted a huge influx of migrant workers from inland prov-inces is used to illustrate this. Context The demand for migrant workers in labor-receiving economies is the main driver of international migration. Although a number of push and pull fac-tors affect migration, as shown in table 3.1, all the pull factors can basically be explained by reference to the high demand for labor. Furthermore, without demand and the expectation of receiving higher real wages in a destination country, there would be no push for migration. Therefore, understanding the economic impact of international migration in receiv-ing countries is central to determining migration’s future. This chapter studies the impact of international migration on four aspects of the labor-receiving economy: (1) gross domestic product (GDP); (2) firm profitabil-ity and competitiveness; (3) labor markets, specifically the wages and employment of host-country workers; and finally, (4) technological devel-opment. The last issue refers to the concern that migration is leading East Asian middle-income countries to forgo technological innovation because cheap immigrants create incentives to use outmoded, labor-intensive technologies.
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