Geography
Emerging Powers
Emerging powers refer to countries that are rapidly increasing their economic, political, and military influence on the global stage. These nations are often characterized by their growing industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancements. Examples of emerging powers include Brazil, Russia, India, China (BRIC), and other countries with similar trajectories of development and influence.
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4 Key excerpts on "Emerging Powers"
eBook - PDF- Chris Landsberg, Jo-Ansie van Wyk, Chris Landsberg, Jo-Ansie van Wyk(Authors)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Africa Institute of South Africa(Publisher)
2 As regional powers of geopolitical and geoeconomic import, their pivotal importance enhances their role as state actors within an increasingly multipolar distribution of world power. The emergence of these states as major actors on the international scene definitionally and conceptu-ally challenges an understanding of the new strategic landscape. New conceptions of ‘club governance’ to describe the proliferating ‘G’ groupings have come into currency along with a trend toward diverse 199 SOUTH AFRICA AND Emerging Powers ‘strategic triangles’ and partnerships. 3 The latter might be viewed as ‘limited multilateral strategic partnerships’ of countries that may either reflect ‘like-mindedness’ (as in the case of IBSA) or pragmatically strategic convergence (as with BRICS). 4 Taken together with the traditional post-World War II United Nations Bretton Woods institutions, the growing significance of club governance and limited multilateral strategic (as opposed to bilateral) partnerships contributes to what some are inclined to characterise as a new ‘plurilateralism’ in international relations, a trend that may be further augmented by the regionalisation of multipolarity within which Emerging Powers tend to be embedded in their regional, continental and subcontinen-tal neighbourhoods. 5 In some cases, Emerging Powers are actually re-emerging or resurgent powers, countries that have regained a measure of great power momentum following a historical interregnum of stagnation, decline and internal tur-moil and/or subjugation under external domination, from which they have managed to recover and regain stability and a sense of outward projection. Continent-sized civilisational states Russia, China and India fit this cat-egory. To some extent, post-Ottoman Turkey is another example of renewed regional power projection within transcontinental Eurasia.
eBook - PDFThe European Union and Global Capitalism
Origins, Development, Crisis
- Magnus Ryner, Alan Cafruny(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Red Globe Press(Publisher)
The ‘emerging mar-ket’ concept arose as a result of the successful industrial development of the ‘Asian Tigers’ in the 1980s and the 1990s through a combination of export orientation and mercantilist industrial policy (Deyo, 1986 ). Similar developments in very large states in the 2000s suggested the possibility of Emerging Powers challenging the transatlantic terms of global hegemony. The emerging global powers are usually referred to as the BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa), the acronym coined by Goldman Sachs economist Jim O’Neill in 2001 to generate investor interest in these countries. The term has gained a great deal of pur-chase because it represents what now is a self-conscious formal interna-tional political grouping. The members of the BRICS Forum have tried to articulate a distinct position based on the assumption that they are the avatars of a nascent global multi-polarity (Desai, 2015). In 2015, for example, the BRICS under Russia’s presidency established a goal of achieving a fully-fledged mechanism of cooperation in the key issues of global economy and politics, including the New Development Bank and a foreign currency pool. Furthermore, some analysts suggest that these large states have some common institutional characteristics that allow us to talk about a distinct ideal type, namely a ‘state-permeated mar-ket economy’, based on foreign direct investments tempered by ‘dense relationships between public authorities and major domestic enter-prises’ dominated by national capitalists and ‘clan-based’ coordination (Nölke, 2010 : p. 3). Notwithstanding these considerations, the concept The EU, the Global South, and the Emerging Powers 207 of BRICS is problematic because it deceptively attributes uniformity to radically different development trajectories and different state forms. It also overlooks significant underlying conflicts of interests among the BRICS.
eBook - PDFThe Era of Global Transition
Crises and Opportunities in the New World
- R. Davies(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- Palgrave Macmillan(Publisher)
And a challenge Despite these hopeful signs that point towards continued growth amongst the BRICs and their new colleagues, all powers, whether growing or declining, face challenges. It is important to balance the challenges faced by the advanced economies with those facing the new and emerging economies. A multipolar world will by definition be populated by actors looking to build power. How that power is used depends upon the question of maturity that we have introduced earlier and is of course a question that applies to old, new and emerging economies alike. Whilst there is hope, there are those who do not see the rise of new holders of power as a peaceful issue. The most notable may be Mearsheimer who argues that a by-product of economic growth will be security competition, particularly in Asia. Mearsheimer goes 142 The Era of Global Transition so far as to say that ‘China cannot rise peacefully’ (Mearsheimer, 2010). If we follow this line of thought, the stage is set for intensi- fied future conflicts between states. It is a line of thought that must be followed and then accepted, moderated or rejected. That is the purpose of this chapter. We start with a brief overview of the BRICs followed by examples of some of the challenges that may be ahead, taking Asia as our focal point. All eyes, as we have noted, do appear to be, after all, largely upon Asia. The hopeful economies: A brief overview Brazil is the first state to form the BRIC acronym and is the most prominent emerging economy in South America. Brazil is attrac- tive for a number of reasons, including a sound growth record and a growing middle class. Brazil is the world’s largest exporter of sugar, coffee and meat and the third largest consumer of mobile phones (The Economist, 2011). Brazil is also a biofuel innovator, being the world’s second largest producer and a leading exporter (Pearson & Pfeifer, 2011).
- Lucía Morales, Sam Dzever, Robert Taylor(Authors)
- 2022(Publication Date)
- Wiley-ISTE(Publisher)
The year 2022 is witness to significant inflationary pressures emerging from the energy and food sectors, as well as from global supply chain disruptions particularly since the global health crisis. Moreover, the recent Glasgow COP 26 meeting of November 2021 did not lead to a much needed agreement and it finished instead with more divergences than international political unity. The Glasgow meeting made very little progress; Arora and Mishra (2021) argue that even though zero-emission vehicles to promote “greener” transport and deforestation where debated, the evaluation of the conference meeting demonstrates that the targets have not been achieved and that, overall, the “roadmap” is not very clear. The CPEC will be, without doubt, a double measure project: i) it offers signs of the real Chinese energy policy shift, and in addition, ii) it contributes to understanding the effectiveness of the international community pressures to curb Chinese coal consumption, domestically and abroad (Rajmil et al. 2020; Ramay 2016). In practical terms, this would mean empowering China and Pakistan as rising powers in the region. There are different definitions of how to delimit a rising power. According to Miller (2016), various dimensions could be considered when a nation is trying to rise and reposition itself with the aim of emerging as a great economic and political power. For example, a state can increase its military capacity to strengthen its economic power and help to delimit its globalizing interests, and exhibit internal and external recognition of its changing status (Miller 2016). When looking at broader aspects of the geopolitics of the region and when examining how China is positioning itself, both China and Pakistan would fit into Miller ’s definition as both countries have been actively building their military-economic capabilities and looking outwards across regions (Iftekhar and Zhan 2020).
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