Future Energy Resources

7 Key excerpts on "Future Energy Resources"

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  eBook - ePub

  Renewable Energy and AI for Sustainable Development

  • Sailesh Iyer, Anand Nayyar, Mohd Naved, Fadi Al-Turjman, Sailesh Iyer, Anand Nayyar, Mohd Naved, Fadi Al-Turjman(Authors)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  2 An Overview of Global Renewable Energy Resources

  Present Scenario, Policies, and Future Prospects

  V. Manimegalai1 , V. Rukkumani2 , A. Gayathri1 , P. Pandiyan3 and V. Mohanapriya4

  1 Department of EEE, Sri Krishna College of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

  2 Department of EIE, Sri Ramakrishna Engineering College, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

  3 Department of EEE, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

  4 Department of EEE, Bannari Amman Institute of Technology, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India

  DOI: 10.1201/9781003369554-2

  CONTENTS

  1. 2.1 Introduction
  2. 2.2 Classification of Renewable Energy Sources
  3. 2.2.1 Biomass
  4. 2.2.2 Geothermal Energy
  5. 2.2.3 Hydro Energy
  6. 2.2.4 Solar Energy
  7. 2.2.4.1 Photovoltaic
  8. 2.2.4.2 Concentrating Solar Power
  9. 2.2.4.3 Solar Thermal Heating and Cooling
  10. 2.2.5 Wind Energy
  11. 2.2.6 Marine Energy
  12. 2.3 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development
  13. 2.4 Renewable Energy and Climate Change
  14. 2.5 Policies and Incentives
  15. 2.6 Challenges Affecting Renewable Energy Sources
  16. 2.7 Benefits of Renewable Energy Sources
  17. 2.8 Conclusion and Future Scope
  18. References

  2.1 Introduction

  Human evolution has been based on the availability and use of energy. From the use of fire and animal power in the early days to the increasingly widespread use of electricity and cleaner sustainable fuels for various purposes, energy has been a fundamental driving force for human progress. In every country, the need for energy can be seen in a variety of sectors, including the provision of key services such as lighting, cooking, cooling, mobility, heating, and the functioning of machines and telecommunications equipment. Today, the inadequacy of reliable and clean energy supplies is regarded as one of the most considerable barriers to improving human wellbeing worldwide. Fossil fuels are expected to be exhausted due to the substantial growth of the population that has caused a significant change in the global energy demand. Numerous renewable energy resources have been used to combat this concern, such as wind, biomass, solar, geothermal, and tidal.

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  Energy and Society

  An Introduction, Second Edition

  • Harold H. Schobert(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  551 30 Fossil Energy Reserves, Resources, and Geopolitics ENERGY RESERVES AND RESOURCES Some energy sources offer the prospect of being inexhaustible. Water and wind are two such sources. Some more sources include biomass, solar energy, and nuclear fusion (all to be discussed in later chapters). However, the common sources of energy that people in many countries rely on are electricity and liquid fuels for transportation. These usually come from fossil fuel sources. Most of us take for granted an unlimited supply of electricity; if there is any limitation at all, it is in our ingenuity for plugging appliance upon appliance into the available outlets. Similarly, we presume the ability to purchase unlimited amounts of gasoline or diesel fuel, anywhere, anytime. But fossil fuels are not inexhaustible. And, unlike biomass, fos-sil fuels cannot be regenerated on human time scales. Someday, in some sense of the term, we will run out. The concepts of reserves and resources to be discussed in this section apply to any energy source (and indeed to other natural substances as well, such as ores). The reserve is the amount of a material that can be recovered economically with known technology. Reserves usually are established by detailed exploration. A resource is the entire amount of the material known or estimated to exist, regardless of the cost or technological developments needed to extract it. In other words, the reserve is what we’re sure of, but the resource includes what we think is there. By these defini-tions, the amount of reserves is always less than the amount of the resource. One’s personal finances can serve as an illustration of the concepts of reserves and resources, and the various categories of each. A financial reserve would con-sist, first of all, of the amount of cash in hand, the amount of money in checking and savings accounts at the bank, and whatever cash advance could be gotten from credit cards.

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  Renewable Resources and Global Challenges

  • Mohit Chhabra(Author)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Delve Publishing

    (Publisher)

  1.1. INTRODUCTION Renewable sources of energy refer to the sources of those energies that are naturally acquired from the atmosphere and that are utilized from the sources that are naturally replenished and available. There are different types of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, geothermal energy, hydropower, and biomass. Figure 1.1: Representation of renewable sources of energy. Sources: https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2018/09/17/12/05/ener-gy-3683673_960_720.jpg, https://cdn.pixabay.com/photo/2017/04/01/15/05/ Introduction to Renewable Resources 3 big-waves-2193828_960_720.jpg, https://www.flickr.com/photos/ly-dur/4132279118, https://c.pxhere.com/photos/d0/41/wind_energy_renewable_ enegy_windmill_wind_mill_energy_rotation_power-993970.jpg!d, https://cdn. pixabay.com/photo/2017/07/11/08/33/dam-2492809_960_720.jpg Energy is something that is utilized everyday and is being used in day to day lives of people. The increase in science and technology and arrival of a number of novel inventions is leading to a number of gadgets and equipment that are put to use in everyday life. The increase in number of innovations that facilitate human beings lives everyday are known to demand and need enormous amounts of energy which is being used from fossil fuels. However, the use of a number of fossil fuels such as propane or electricity for lighting, heating, and powering of our devices is known to have created a huge amount of need for a variety of fossil fuels in large quantities because these are depleting non-renewable sources of energy. Therefore, to meet the demands of the energy requirement people started becoming more and more dependent on the renewable sources of energy that are freely available. There are a number of items such as computers, phone networks, servers, and security systems, shopping malls, parking lots, sports stadiums, cars, airplanes, and others which are increasing rapidly with the increase in technology.

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  World Energy Supply

  Resources - Technologies - Perspectives

  • Manfred Grathwohl, Mary Brewer(Authors)
  • 2018(Publication Date)
  • De Gruyter

    (Publisher)

  3. The World's Energy Potential 3.1 The basic types of available energy There are basically two types of energy source available to meet the energy demands of humanity: those which are found in the earth's crust (fossil and nuclear fuels) and are not renewable, and those which are continuously available (solar, tidal and geothermal energy), and are thus classified as renewable sources (compare Fig. 3-1). Over the time span covered by human civilization, these sources can be considered constant (see 3.37, 3.38 and 3.39). Fossil fuels include peat, brown (lignite) coal, anthracite coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil shales and oil sands. The fissionable nuclear fuels are uranium and thorium, and the fuels for fusion are deuterium and lithium. Solar energy is available in many forms; even fossil fuels are none other than solar energy which has been stored for millions of years. (It is nonetheless conventional to regard these nonrenewable fuels separately from the other forms of solar energy). Radiant energy from the sun warms the earth and provides energy for the photosyn-thesis of biomass and free oxygen, and thus makes life possible on earth. Without solar energy, there would be no water power, wave energy, ocean heat or currents, or wind energy. Sunlight can be converted to other forms, for example by solar thermal, photoelectric or photochemical conversion. Ignoring, for the moment, technological and ecological problems, we can see that the long-term options for energy supply derive from the division of energy sources into renewable and non-re-newable types. Solar and geothermal energy, as continuous flows of energy, are two options for an unlimited supply of energy. (The flow of energy in the tides is small compared to the previous two; compare Table 3-3 and Fig. 3-11). In the sun, 10 38 helium nuclei are formed from protons each second.

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  Sustainability Science and Technology

  An Introduction

  • Alejandro De Las Heras(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  There, access to abundant and diverse technological and socioeconomic information via the Internet makes for more democratic societies. An Overview of Renewable Energy Solutions Conventional primary energy sources (e.g., petroleum, natural gas, coal, and uranium ore) are nonrenewable and nearing depletion or produce emissions BOX 8.4 SUSTAINABLE ENERGY IN RURAL TROPICAL AREAS Sustainable decentralized energy systems are a requirement for socioeconomic development in rural areas. Success stories highlight the necessary conditions. First, no off-the-shelf solution exists but rather a combination of self-taught technological savvy. Second, tech-nology transfer is often ill-adapted to local conditions and may often create dependency. Put differently, costly high-tech solutions have to be substituted by homegrown adequate technology. However, external help with specific problem solving can foster technological skills. The best candidate technologies for sustainable energy in tropical rural areas are solar cooking and water heating, combined with human-powered water pumps; electricity-wise, wind energy and bicy-cles adapted for human-powered electricity generation. Biomethane is most suitable for cattle ranchers. 136 Sustainability Science and Technology: An Introduction in intolerable amounts. As to renewable sources (solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, and biomass sources), they are widespread and readily accessible. The most frequently exploited at present are as follows. Solar Energy The energy from the sun is the most abundant resource in the world. It supplies the climate and biosphere processes as well as other renewable energy sources (wind, ocean waves, bioenergy). Its availability depends on the local climate, but on average, the radiation that reaches the Earth’s surface varies between 2.2 and 7 kWh/m 2 /day, even though the clouds reflect part of the radiation back to space. Photovoltaic systems transform solar energy into electricity.

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  Sustainable Energy

  Opportunities and Limitations

  • D. Elliott(Author)
  • 2007(Publication Date)
  • Palgrave Macmillan

    (Publisher)

  In the Greenpeace scenario, world primary energy demand increases to around 1,000 EJ by the end of the 21st century (Figure 11.8). All fossil and nuclear fuels are entirely phased out by the end of the 230 Sustainable Energy period, and replaced by a mixture of solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal energy. Improvements in energy efficiency, achieved using ‘market or near-market’ technologies, result in overall primary energy demand levelling out and then falling slightly around 2030, before rising again towards the end of the century. The renewable energy technologies in the FFES supply mix by the end of the next century include: co-generation of electricity and heat (CHP) from biomass wastes; fuel cells for electricity (and heat) produc- tion; and increasing use of wind turbines, photovoltaics and solar thermal electric power generation. Hydrogen, produced by electrolysis from solar/wind sources or from biomass, provides an increasing pro- portion of transport fuel and a means of storing power from intermit- tent sources. DREAM-World As the discussion above has shown, the levels of world primary energy demand and associated atmospheric carbon emissions during the 21st century will depend on the magnitudes of, and the interactions between, a large number of very complex factors. In an attempt to sim- plify and clarify the main variables, the author has developed a simple computer-based model, DREAM-World (Boyle, 2000) in which energy Godfrey Boyle 231 1000 900 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 1988 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2060 2070 2080 2090 2100 EJ nuclear hydro/geothermal natural gas biomass solar/wind biomass coal oil Figure 11.8 The Greenpeace Fossil-Free Energy scenario. All fossil and nuclear fuels are phased out and replaced by a mixture of solar, wind, biomass, hydro and geothermal sources by 2100 Source: Lazarus et al., 1993.

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  Earth Resources and Environmental Impacts

  • Kieran D. O'Hara(Author)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  Resource Carbon-Based Noncarbon-Based Renewable Nonrenewable Petroleum X X Natural gas X X Coal X X Biofuels X X Nuclear X X Geothermal X X Solar X X Wind X X Hydroelectric X X Tidal/wave X X Two Classifications of Energy Resources 274 CHAPTER 9 Energy Perspectives Introduction This chapter is somewhat more quantitative than the others. The chapter begins with a brief overview of energy use over time. Different types of energy, including potential, kinetic, chemical, and geothermal, are introduced. The difference between energy and power (energy/time) is pointed out, and the units of energy (joule) and power (watt) are defined. The concept of energy efficiency refers to the conversion of heat to useful work and requires an introduction to heat engines and the first and second laws of thermodynamics. Energy density refers to the amount of energy produced per unit weight (joules per kilogram) of a resource, and power density refers to the amount of energy produced per unit time and area (watts per meter squared). These concepts are useful in evaluating the potential significance of renewable sources such as biofuels, wind, and solar energy as part of our overall energy mix in the future. Energy Use Over Time Prior to Roman times, the main sources of energy were humans, beasts of burden, and water power; wind power no doubt also powered the sails of early mariners. One of the most intense early energy sources was probably the smelting of metals by burning charcoal in a primitive furnace. The increase in energy use per person during the last millennium was relatively slow, however, until the onset of the Industrial Revolution in the eighteenth century when the intensity of energy use increased rapidly (Figure 9.1). By the 1900s Amer- icans were using about twice as much energy as Britons, and by the year 2000, Americans were using twice as much energy as either Europeans or the Japanese.

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