Geography
PM10
PM10 refers to particulate matter with a diameter of 10 micrometers or less. These particles can be found in the atmosphere and are a type of air pollution. PM10 can originate from various sources such as vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and natural sources like dust storms. Exposure to PM10 can have adverse effects on human health, particularly respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
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12 Key excerpts on "PM10"
eBook - PDFImproving Urban Environments
Strategies for Healthier and More Sustainable Cities
- Marco Ragazzi(Author)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Apple Academic Press(Publisher)
The differences and amount of © UPB Science Bulletin, Critical Analysis of Strategies for PM Reduction in Urban Areas, 75 (4) 2013. ISSN 1454-2358. Used with permission of the publisher. 20 Improving Urban Environments PM is mainly influenced by complex interactions of the source character -istics with the geography, season and short-term meteorology of the site. Depending on their aerodynamic diameter (ad), the PM is divided into three main categories: • coarse fraction ranging from 2.5μm ≤ a d ≤ 10 μm is produced by mechanical processes such as erosion, grinding or suspension and may include marine aerosols, pollen and dust resulting from agri-cultural processes, roads etc..; • fine fraction ranging from 0.1 μm ≤ a d ≤2.5 μm is produced by means of clot particles ultrafine, or for heterogeneous nucleation; • ultrafine fraction - a d ≤ 0.1 μm is produced by homogeneous nucle -ation vapor SO 2 , NH 3 , NO x and products combustion which form new particles by condensation and grow for coagulation. Measurements of fine particulate matter (PM 10 and PM 2.5 ) have be-come an interest in air quality studies, mainly because they are associated with numerous health effects. Many epidemiological studies have dem-onstrated the toxicity of certain pollutants and the relationship between their emission and increased mortality and hospitalization [4,5]. World-wide, about 3% of respiratory infection, 5% of cardiopulmonary and 8% of lung cancer deaths are attributed to PM exposure [6]. An investigation made in Arizona, where the PM 10-2.5 /PM 10 average ratio is about 0.7, has observed associations between PM 10 , PM 10-2.5 and total mortality [7]. The same association can be made with the study made in California (a desert region) suggesting a mortality effect of PM 10 in a region where PM mass is dominated by coarse mode aerosols [8].
eBook - PDFEnvironmental Toxicology
Biological and Health Effects of Pollutants, Third Edition
- Ming-Ho Yu, Humio Tsunoda, Masashi Tsunoda(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
143 9 Air Pollution Particulate Matter 9.1 INTRODUCTION This chapter discusses two of the six common air pollutants—particulate matter and lead. Particulate matter is examined in Section 9.1 through Section 9.7, whereas lead is presented in Section 9.8. Particle pollution, also called particulate matter or PM, refers to a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air. The physical dimensions and chemical properties of these aerosols vary greatly. Their size may vary from 0.5 to 10 −7 mm, and they are composed of a large number of inorganic and organic materials, including metals and nonmetal elements (and their oxides, nitrates, and sulfates). Although it is often convenient to group them as particulates , their sources, distribution, and effects can be highly variable. Because of the large quantities of particulates emitted into the atmosphere from different sources, and the potential adverse effects they can cause, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has designated particulate matter (PM) as one of the six criteria air pollutants to be regulated. In 1987, the agency added a new standard for particulates called PM 10 (referring to PM with diameter less than 10 µm), based on the evidence that the smaller PM has the greatest impact on health because of its capacity to be inhaled. This chapter presents an overview of this class of air pollutants, followed by discus-sion of three specific examples of PM: silica, beryllium, and asbestos. 9.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF PARTICULATE MATTER Particulates are usually classified into primary or secondary. Primary particulates are larger (usually 1 to 20 µm in diameter) and are emitted directly into the atmo-sphere by a variety of chemical and physical processes. Secondary particulates are relatively smaller and are formed through chemical reactions that occur in the atmo-sphere (Fennelly 1976).
eBook - PDF- Peter Gehr, Christian Mühlfeld, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Fabian Blank, Peter Gehr, Christian Mühlfeld, Barbara Rothen-Rutishauser, Fabian Blank(Authors)
- 2009(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
2 Ambient Tropospheric Particles PAUL A. SOLOMON U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Las Vegas, Nevada, U.S.A. DANIEL L. COSTA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, U.S.A. I. Introduction Atmospheric particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles suspended in ambient air (also known as the atmospheric aerosol). Ambient PM arises from a wide range of sources and/or processes, and consists of particles of different shapes, sizes, and compositions, with an array of physicochemical properties (1,2). Because particle size best relates to particle aerodynamics, diameter is most often used when describing ambient PM, most notably with regard to its atmospheric transport, lung deposition, and sampling for scientific or regulatory purposes. Particle number concentration, surface area, and volume (where particle volume particle density ¼ mass) are typically used to describe the size distributions of particles comprising ambient PM (Fig. 1). When coupled with chemical composition and PM optical prop-erties (and sometimes charge), one obtains a more complete appreciation of the complex physicochemical nature of ambient PM. PM of most interest to health scientists is that which is considered inhalable, that is, it enters human airways, including but especially beyond the nose and mouth (4–7). Such PM encompasses a size-range from a few nanometers to * 10 m m aerodynamic diameter (AD). AD is a function of particle density and shape and is the prime descriptive parameter for PM that is collected or segregated by inertial measurement methods, including the respiratory tract. With standardization of individual particles as unit-density spheres with the same settling velocity as irregularly shaped particles, as described as an “aerodynamic diameter,” widespread application and comparisons of ambient particles can be achieved (for additional detail see Refs. 2 and 8).
eBook - ePub- Robert L. Maynard, Stephen T. Holgate, Hillel S. Koren, Jonathan M. Samet(Authors)
- 1999(Publication Date)
- Academic Press(Publisher)
London Research Centre, 1997 ). The nature of this emission is currently the subject of much study. In terms of particle size, the emission from motor vehicles is generally in the submicrometre range, with peaks in the mass distribution generally around 0.1 µm or so. There is still much research needed to define the size distribution of the emissions from motor vehicles, and to understand the dynamics of the process as the freshly emitted very small particles grow into the so-called accumulation mode.The crucial question here is, given the evidence for adverse effects of particles on human health, what will the effects of control measures have on these effects in future? Here of course it is important to have some idea about the nature of the damaging component of the particle distribution. One line of thought has suggested that, since they are capable of penetrating to the full extent of the respiratory system, smaller particles may be more important than larger ones. Indeed, the USEPA has recently promulgated national ambient air quality standards for PM2.5 as well as for PM10 . Additionally, there have been studies, notably from Oberdörster’s group, which have shown changes in toxicity of particles of titanium dioxide on reducing the particle size to 20 nm (Oberdörster et al. , 1994). These considerations led Seaton and colleagues to present a hypothesis that the important quantity was the number of ultrafine particles, rather than their mass, or even possibly their composition (Seaton et al.
eBook - PDFAir Pollution
Health and Environmental Impacts
- Bhola R. Gurjar, Luisa T. Molina, C.S. P. Ojha(Authors)
- 2010(Publication Date)
- CRC Press(Publisher)
Estimation of Health Impacts due to PM 10 in Major Indian Cities 301 11.3 ESTIMATION OF HEALTH IMPACTS DUE TO PM 10 Among all air pollutants, PM causes the most numerous and serious effects on human health because it contains a broad range of diverse toxic substances, and PM 10 may be considered to be a reliable indicator of the impact of global air pollution. The major constituents of PM are water-soluble inorganic ions [NH 4 + , NO 3 -, SO 4 2 -, Na + , K + , Mg 2 + , Cl -(sum of the concentrations of NH 4 + , NO 3 -and SO 4 2 -represents the secondary inorganic particle fraction)], elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC), and trace elements (Al, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rh, Sb, Se, Tl, V, Y). The chemical composition of PM 10 depends on the sources of origin and the activities influencing the sampling site. A study conducted at three sites representing suburban area, Kerbside location, and rural area in Switzerland corroborates this fact as shown in Table 11.3. 11.3.1 M ETHODOLOGIES Epidemiological studies are required to determine potential relationships between a variety of environmental factors and human diseases. They are characterized by statistical analysis of the data collected on the health status of the individuals, pollut-ant exposures, and potential confounding factors. Such studies often provide evi-dence of possible causal relationships between pollutant exposures and observed or reported health effects. In general, epidemiological studies become more important as the risk attributable to atmospheric pollutants becomes smaller and the duration of exposure required to produce effects becomes longer. Such studies have been particularly useful in identifying acute effects of elevated short-term pollutant expo-sures. These effects may include pulmonary function changes, asthmatic attacks, and increased mortality (Godish, 2004).
eBook - PDFAirborne Particulate Matter
Sources, Atmospheric Processes and Health
- R M Harrison, R E Hester, Xavier Querol(Authors)
- 2016(Publication Date)
- Royal Society of Chemistry(Publisher)
The size of PM is directly linked to its potential for causing health problems since smaller particles penetrate further down the respiratory tract and even Emissions of Primary Particulate Matter 13 transfer to extrapulmonary organs, including the central nervous system. 87 While most severe adverse health effects have been typically associated with PM 2.5 , other epidemiological studies suggest that PM 1 may have a greater potential for adverse health impacts. 88 The relative amounts of particles present in each size are expressed by mass concentration in the case of PM 2.5–10 and PM 2.5 and by number concentration (PNC) in the case of aerosols with diameters between 0.1 and 0.05 m m owing to their negligible mass. Coarse particles are usually associated with mechanical disruption pro-cesses ( e.g. crushing, grinding, and abrasion of surfaces) and the suspension of dust. Traffic non-exhaust emissions (wear processes and resuspension) are assumed to be dominated by the PM 2.5–10 fraction, 38 although in some cases particles in the fine particle range have also been found (approximately 15%). 89 Similarly, emissions derived from agricultural activities are mainly associated with the coarse size 62 as well as the diffuse emissions related to handling, transport and storage of dusty raw materials. 60 Regarding sea salt aerosols, approximately 95% of their total mass is in the coarse mode, 90 although in Atlantic zones its contribution to PM 2.5 can be up to 11%. 11 PM 2.5–10 tends to have a local impact (1 to 10s of km) and to settle on the ground through dry deposition processes ( e.g. gravitational sedimentation) in a matter of hours. This is not the case for coarse particles related to wind-blown desert dust, which can be transported over thousands of km (Section 2.6). Primary PM 2.5 , UFP and nanoparticles are mainly formed from com-bustion and high-temperature processes, and industrial operations.
- T. Husain(Author)
- 1995(Publication Date)
- Pergamon(Publisher)
CHAPTER 7 Particulate Monitoring 7.1. Introduction The particulate matters in the air are of a variety of sizes, shapes and chemical composi- tion. Apart from being non-gaseous, the behavior of the particulate movement, deposition and their effects are determined by its size and composition. Particles are often classified by the term 'aerodynamic equivalent diameter' -- the diameter of a unit density that would have the same aerodynamic settling behavior in the air that the particle has. Based on the size, particulate matter can be classified as (a) very fine suspended particles of size 0.0001 to 0.1 microns (p~m); (b) suspended particulate matter with particle size from 0.1 to 10 txm; and dustfall with size greater than 10 txm. One txm is equivalent to 10 6 m. The finest particles with sizes less than 0.1 Ixm are so small that they can not be filtered out from the air easily. They are usually counted. To give an idea of the counts, it is important to mention that even the cleanest air contains hundreds of such particles in one cubic centimeter of the air. The analysis of the smoke plume from Kuwaiti oil fires shows that particle counts within the plume transects varied from a few thousand to 100,000 per cm 3 (Hudson and Clarke, 1992). Suspended particulate matter with size less than 10 lxm is termed as 'inhalable par- ticulate matter' or 'PM~0'. These particles remain suspended in the air for a long period of time. Being lighter and of smaller sizes, these particles settle at a much slower rate and constitute the biggest part of the total weight of the suspended partic- ulate matter in the air. Also, these particles can easily penetrate into the respiratory system and pose a potential threat to human health since polycyclic aromatic hydro- carbons as well as toxic metals are usually absorbed onto such particulate surfaces. The classical black soot (Fig. 7.1) from the combustion process falls in this category.
eBook - PDF- Geraldo B. Silva Junior, Alejandro Ferreiro Fuentes, Masaomi Nangaku, Giuseppe Remuzzi, Claudio Ronco, G.B. Silva Junior, A. Ferreiro Fuentes, M. Nangaku, G. Remuzzi, C. Ronco, Geraldo B., Silva Junior, Alejandro, Ferreiro Fuentes, Masaomi, Nangaku, Giuseppe, Remuzzi, Claudio, Ronco, Claudio Ronco, Claudio, Ronco(Authors)
- 2021(Publication Date)
- S. Karger(Publisher)
Based on its aerodynamic diameter, PM is categorized as ultrafine ( ≤ 0.1 μm, PM 0.1 ), fine ( ≤ 2.5 μm, PM 2.5 ), and coarse ( ≤ 10 μm, PM 10 ). It has been reported that deaths attributable to ambient PM 2.5 increased from 3.5 million in 1990 to 4.2 million in 2015 [10]. In the past decade, emerging epidemiological evidence suggests a significant relationship between air pollution and kidney health. Because PM 2.5 is considered to be one of the harmful components in air pollution-related adverse effects, in this chapter, we will mainly fo-cus on PM 2.5 exposure and kidney damage. PM 2.5 and Kidney Disease: Scientific Background In 2013, Lue et al. [11] observed that patients liv-ing closer to a major roadway had a lower esti-mated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) than pa-tients living farther away in a cohort of 1,103 pa-tients hospitalized with confirmed acute ischemic stroke in the Boston (MA, USA) metropolitan re-gion. In fully adjusted models, eGFR levels among patients living 50 m from the nearest major road-way were an average of 3.9 mL/min/1.73 m 2 low-er than the eGFR levels of patients living 1,000 m from the nearest major roadway. Subsequent studies both in vivo and in vitro have indicated that short-term and long-term exposure to PM 2.5 is associated with an increased risk of kidney damage. Although the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated, several hypoth-eses, such as inflammation and oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, autonomic imbalance, and coagulation dysfunction, have been proposed to explain air pollution-related organ damage [12–14]. It is known that inhaled particles <5 μm in aerodynamic diameter can enter the lower respi-ratory tract and deposit in the bronchioles and alveoli, resulting in disruptions to the airway epi-thelial barrier and altered cellular signaling path-ways, oxidative stress, and inflammation [12].
eBook - PDFAir Pollution in the 21st Century
Priority Issues and Policy
- T. Schneider(Author)
- 1999(Publication Date)
- Elsevier Science(Publisher)
However, research studies likely will determine PM~10_z5 ~ either directly or as the difference between PM~0 and PM2. 5. Because of the overlap of fine- and coarse-mode particles in the intermodal region (1-3 ~tm), PM2. 5 is only an approximation of fine-mode particles, and PM(~0_2.5) is only an approximation of thoracic coarse-mode particles. In this paper, fine particles and coarse particles will refer to fine-mode particles and thoracic coarse-mode particles, respectively, not to the approximations given by PM25 or PM(10_2.5). Also, diameter normally will refer to the aerodynamic diameter. PM regulation began in the United States in 1971 with a TSP standard defined by the HiVol. 22 To focus regulatory concern on those particles small enough to penetrate and deposit in the lower respiratory tract (thoracic region), the indicator for the National Ambient Air Quality Standard for PM was changed in 1987 from TSP, as measured by the HiVol, to PM~0 .23 PM~0 samplers collect all of the fine particles and part of the coarse particles. The upper cut point is defined as having a 50% collection efficiency at 10 + 0.5 ~tm diameter. The slope of the collection efficiency curve also is defined. 24 Samplers with upper cut points of 3.5, 2.5, 2.1, and 1.0 ~tm are also in use. Dichotomous samplers split the particles into smaller and larger fractions that may be collected on separate filters. Detailed information on the design and use of particle samplers may be found in the review by Chow. 25 96 Figure 5. Particle separation curves for inhalable (IPM), thoracic (TPM), and respirable (RPM) particles and for PM10 I4 and PM2.5. 21 3.4. PM2. 5 Interest in fine and coarse particles, as distinct components of the atmospheric aerosol, began in the early 1970's, largely because of size distribution studies by Whitby and co- workers.
- (Author)
- 2017(Publication Date)
- Cuvillier Verlag(Publisher)
Seasonal/quarterly varia-tion and compliance with cleaner practice were found to be associated with PM10 and TSP concentration. Keywords: particulate matter, tobacco , microclimatic parameter, indoor, outdoor INTRODUCTION Rapid industrialization in the urban areas of Nigeria is of great threat to air quality. However, efforts are being put in place to control it (Yusuff and Sonibare, 2004). The identification and quantification of the types of pollutants emitted from industrial sources is important as it can serve as health and environmental indicator in the urban habitats. Aside the gaseous emissions, particulate matter (PM) can be regarded as the most abundant harmful air pollutant found in the ambient air of industrialised environments. Particulate matter from industrial activities have been recognised as a major pollutant that can have adverse impact on both the ambient envi-ronment, vegetation and human health (Noble, 2001; Shi et al ., 2009). Epidemiological studies have traced PM concentration in the ambient air to be associated with various health related problems (Brook et al ., 2010; Delfino, 2002; Gilmour et al., 2006; Mutlu et al., 2007; Hales et al ., 2012). A large percentage of these studies specifically mentioned tobacco induced particu-late matter as being responsible for respiratory, carcinogenic and mutagenic diseases in man (Soberanes et al ., 2012; Pope et al ., 2011; Gilmour et al., 2006; Scott, 2004; Delfino, 2002). The increase in consumption of tobacco has led to the expansion of the industry in the developing countries. The process used to turn tobacco to packaged cigarette can be descibed to be energy intensive and this could impair ambient air.
eBook - PDFEnvironmental Health
Emerging Issues and Practice
- Jacques Oosthuizen(Author)
- 2012(Publication Date)
- IntechOpen(Publisher)
These initiatives have all contributed to a sharp decrease of the emitted amounts of sulfur dioxide. Emissions of other key air pollutants also decreased since 1990. It is noteworthy that these significant reductions include emissions of the three air pollutants primarily responsible for the formation of harmful ground-level ozone in the atmosphere, namely carbon monoxide (58% reduction), non-methane volatile organic compounds (51% reduction) and nitrogen oxides (39% reduction). The concentrations of particulate matter have not shown significant improvement since 1997. Emission trends compiled for the period 2000–2008 indicate that PM 10 emissions decreased by 8%, while PM 2.5 was reduced by 13%. Fine particulate matter is now generally recognized as one the main threats to human health from air pollution, with transport being a significant source (EEA, 2011b). Data available on cadmium reveal that since 1990 significant emission reductions have occurred for this toxic heavy metal (around 60%). These reductions were due to improved abatement technologies for combustion facilities and in the metal refining and smelting Traffic-Related Air Pollution: Legislation Versus Health and Environmental Effects 105 industries (EEA, 2009). However, despite the emissions reductions, concentrations of many of these pollutants remain high, often above existing standards (EEA, 2005). Sources of air pollutants may be classified as stationary (fossil fuel power plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, food processing plants, other large and small industries, and home heating) or mobile (automobiles, industrial vehicles, trains, all types of vessels, and airplanes) (Godish, 2004). Among these, emissions from vehicle road transport are especially important as they are a significant source of pollution within urban areas throughout the world.
eBook - PDF- R M Harrison, R E Hester(Authors)
- 2007(Publication Date)
- Royal Society of Chemistry(Publisher)
The concentrations needed to produce these changes were expressed in PM,, for all five response categories. For mortality and hospital admissions, they were also expressed in terms of PM,., and SO,, -. Using this guidance, each national or local authority setting air quality standards can decide how much adversity is acceptable for its population. Making such a choice is indeed a challenge. In the US, the EPA Administrator promulgated the revised PM NAAQS shown in Table 1 in July 1997 (Fed. Regis., 1997,62,38762-38896) in recognition of the inadequate public health protection provided by enforcement of the 1987 NAAQS for PM,,. For PM,,, the 5 0 ~ g m -~ annual average was retained without change, and the 24-h PM of 150 pg m - was relaxed by applying it only to the 99th% value (averaged over 3 years) rather than to the 4th highest over 3 89 M . Lippmann years. These PM standards were supplemented by the creation of new PM2.5 standards. The annual average PM,,, is 15 pgm-,, and the 24 hour PM,., of 65pgm-, applies to the 98th% value. Implementation of the new PM,., NAAQS will advance the degree of public health protection for ambient air PM, especially in the eastern US and in some large cities in the west where fine particles are major percentages of PM o. In the author's view, the new PM NAAQS are not too strict. In terms of its introduction of a more relevant index of exposure and a modest degree of greater public health protection, it represents a prudent judgment call by the Administrator. These NAAQS may not be strict enough to fully protect public health, but there remain significant knowledge gaps on both exposures and the nature and extent of the effects that made the need for more restrictive NAAQS difficult to justify. It is essential that adequate research resources be applied to filling these gaps before the next round of NAAQS revisions during the next first decade of the next century. 3 Ozone Ozone (0,) is the indicator for photochemical pollutants.
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