Social Development of India

7 Key excerpts on "Social Development of India"

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  eBook - ePub

  Corridor Development in India

  Impact on Land Acquisition

  • Vinita Yadav, Rohini Neelkanthrao Kalambe(Authors)
  • 2022(Publication Date)
  • Routledge India

    (Publisher)

  4 Economic and social development

  DOI: 10.4324/9781003044437-4

  The economic and social development of the region or nation is an important factor for the growth of a particular area. If economic and social development will result in a balanced impact then the regional development may be called inclusive development. It is pertinent to comprehend the definition of economic development and social development and how they together achieve the impactful result. Economic development is the creation of wealth from which community benefits are realized which help to grow the economy, enhancing the prosperity and quality of life of the people in the society. In social development, well-being in society is important, so that people reach their full potential. The success of a society is linked to the well-being of each and every citizen. The collaboration of economic and social development results in making a society more strong and efficient.

  Corridor development helps the region to strengthen their economic activities by creating job opportunities, reducing travel time involved in the export and import of materials, and providing infrastructure to particular regions. The establishment of economic development activities in the region helps to reduce urban rural migration and the unemployment ratio to a certain extent. Social development helps citizens to be aware of their rights and to understand new policies and technologies. India lags behind in this aspect of development as diversity and kinship behavior have a negative impact on developmental results. In India, for a long time, poverty alleviation has been an area of special emphasis for policy makers, as a result of which there does seem to have been a noticeable improvement in education and health as well as income standards post-independence. Yet, regardless of all of this, India happens to still rank among the 30 poorest nations of the world. This is despite the fact that the percentage of the total population under the poverty line declined from 55 percent in the 1970s to about 36 percent in the 1990s. Today, more than 50 percent of children under the age of four remain malnourished, while more than 30,000,000 are still below the poverty line. Despite the literacy levels having tripled as compared to 1951 figures, about 50 percent of the population remains illiterate, while more than 45 percent of all children do not even reach the fifth grade. These figures clearly show that there is a large scope to reduce the poverty numbers and at the same time also improve living conditions (Agrawal, 2000).

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  The SAGE Handbook of Political Geography

  • Kevin R Cox, Murray Low, Jennifer Robinson, Kevin R Cox, Murray Low, Jennifer Robinson(Authors)
  • 2007(Publication Date)
  • SAGE Publications Ltd

    (Publisher)

  The former began explicitly with a chapter on uneven development as ‘the capitalist whirlpool’ and the latter organized its arguments around a core/periphery model. These two approaches are going to figure prominently in what follows and therefore I will conclude this brief historical excursion into uneven development in political geography here. WHAT IS ‘DEVELOPMENT’ AND WHY IS IT ‘UNEVEN’? The basic subject matter of all social science, including political geography, is social change. Development is a way of describing social change. It is one of a cluster of change concepts that have arisen out of Enlightenment thinking wherein social change was conceived in positive terms: the THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT 519 new is better than the old, modern is superior to tradition (for further exposition, see Rangan, this volume). Other such concepts are ‘improvement’ and ‘progress’. Improvement was used to describe particular techniques of enhancing productivity in agriculture and industry in the eighteenth century. The culmination of this technology in the Indus-trial Revolution imbued nineteenth-century society with an air of optimism based upon the idea of progress. In the twentieth century, the concept of development took on the modern role of describing social change for the better. In this case the pos-itive connotations were derived from a biological analogy. Living organisms develop to become fully mature adults; development is both the process and the outcome. But using this analogy requires spec-ification of the ‘social organism’ that is subject to change. Development as social change has been cen-tred on the state; it is states that ‘mature’ into fully developed political and economic entities. Whereas the specific object of improvement was economic sectors, and progress was a general property of civilization, the practice of develop-ment has had precise territorial bounds defined by the state in question.

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  Power, Protest and Participation

  Local Elites and the Politics of Development in India

  • Subrata K. Mitra(Author)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  2 The Regional Context: The Social and Economic Background of Rural Development The Objectives The chapter presents the social and institutional context of the process of development in Gujarat and Orissa. Its objective is to provide the background for the link between the central issue of the ‘room for manoeuvre in the middle’ and the field data on attitudes and behaviour of the gaon ka netas. This is done by first identifying the significant levels of developmental decision-making in India, particularly the regional government and the district administration. Next, the developmental organisations available within each district chosen for detailed study in Gujarat and Orissa are discussed in detail. The political process and the history of collective protest movements in each region is introduced in an effort to link the specific situations obtaining in Surat and Dhenkanal districts with the general framework of the book. 1 The geographic location of a village, its natural resource base and its institutional linkage to the regional and national political arenas are important factors that affect the pace of social and economic change. The historical legacies of movements for political representation, collective protest and social mobilisation are of great importance as well. Without the knowledge of these essential facts, information about attitudes and behaviour of individuals at a given point of time can only provide suggestive but partial glimpses into the politics of development. To get the complete picture, therefore, we need to specify the institutional constraints and social networks in which individuals are ensconced. In a second and perhaps more important sense, the context is more than merely a backdrop against which individuals play out the drama of development. 2 Through their impact on public policy and the creation of new structures of opportunities, institutions play an active role in the unfolding of the central theme of development

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  Visualizing Human Geography

  At Home in a Diverse World

  • Alyson L. Greiner(Author)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  4. Identify geographic and institutional factors that can affect development. O ne of the axioms of development is that, no matter how it is mea- sured, it is geographically uneven. Human geographers study the differences in development from one place or region to another as well as the social and environmental consequences of development. When comparing countries or regions on the basis of their levels of development, different terms and classifica- tions are used such as high-, middle-, and low-income coun- tries, or more developed and less developed countries. The terms First World and Third World are problematic because they reinforce a view that less developed countries are in- trinsically inferior. Alternatively, Global North and Global South refer to richer and poorer regions in the world, but the terms are not strictly geographically accurate. India, for example, is usually classified as a country in the Global South even though it is in the northern hemisphere. For a long time, the terms developed and developing have been used to categorize countries. These terms are not strictly defined, but general usage recognizes Austra- lia, New Zealand, Japan, Europe, Canada, and the United States as developed. Recently, however, the usefulness of these terms has also been questioned. Part of the concern is that these terms mask a great deal of variation within both categories. Even within so-called “developed” coun- tries, much work remains to be done to ensure a better quality of life for people. The most important point here is that we recognize the limitations of such categories. The study of development is always a normative project. The term normative refers to the establishment of standards, or norms, to help measure the quality of life and economic prosperity of groups of people. Conven- tional views of development are strongly associated with normative ideas of progress, advancement, and social betterment.

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  Understanding World Regional Geography

  • Erin H. Fouberg, William G. Moseley(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Wiley

    (Publisher)

  Geographers who study development generally avoid narrowly defining development as economic growth. Instead, they focus on how economies change over time, the implications of these changes for human well-being, and the connections between development in one place and another. This broad conception of development in geography encompasses a lot of different perspectives within the discipline. This section of the chapter examines ideas about development within geography and how ideas have changed over time. Development as Modernization After World War II, colonies in Asia and Africa gained indepen- dence, and the number of states in the world quickly grew. Scholars in geography and other disciplines, in an attempt to advise newly independent countries about how to develop, sought to explain why some countries developed economically while others did not. Scholars looked for steps or stages that the newly independent countries could follow. This group of theories, often collectively referred to under the umbrella term modernization, suggested that the European industrial econ- omy was the ideal or pinnacle stage of development. These theorists argued that with the right combination of capital, know-how, and attitude, economic growth would pro- ceed down a certain path already forged by the wealthy coun- tries of the world. They posited that countries would make a transition from traditional to modern states. While these theories were most popular in economics, they influenced thinking in geography and other disciplines as well. FIGURE 3.6 Rostow’s ladder of development. One way to represent Rostow’s modernization theory is as a ladder of development, with each rung representing one of his five stages: (1) Traditional or preindustrial, (2) preconditions for take-off, (3) take-off into self-sustaining growth, (4) drive to maturity, and (5) the age of mass consumption.

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  Power And Poverty

  Development And Development Projects In The Third World

  • Donald W. Attwood, Thomas C Bruneau, John G Galaty, D W Attwood(Authors)
  • 2019(Publication Date)
  • Taylor & Francis

    (Publisher)

  5Economic Development and Social Change in Indian Agriculture: A Historical Perspective

  David E. Ludden

  Indian cultivators work their fields in little social worlds suffused with the influence of national markets, administration, and politics. The agrarian system of India today is so integrated that it is reasonable to approach Indian agricultural development through a unified, national model of agricultural conditions. This approach, futhermore, is buttressed by cultural anthropologists and Indologists confirming the underlying unities of Indian civilization.1 Scholars and politicians alike have thus spoken for many years about characteristically Indian agricultural problems, potentials and patterns of change. Scholarly discourse on development processes has generally moved directly from broad theoretical questions—concerning, for instance, the rationality of peasant enterprise, or the productivity and equity effects of specific technologies and customs—to empirical data drawn from India as a whole, or from its huge states, each holding many millions of farmers. Another approach has become more prominent in recent years, however; that is, to focus upon the diversity of Indian agriculture, and upon the little worlds of dayto-day agricultural activity. This move toward microcosmic studies—with efforts to systematize variations, and to unravel the many strands that tie little worlds to the agrarian system as a whole—may now have become pertinent to planners, too, because national development efforts must work locally to succeed.2

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  Social Sector Development and Inclusive Growth in India

  • Ishu Chadda(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • Emerald Publishing Limited

    (Publisher)

  Chapter 5

  Growth and Development of the Social Sector in India

  Free India inherited a dilapidated and shattered economy with rampant poverty and retrogressive socio-economic antecedent of a monolithic population. Not only the income needed to be pushed up, but it needed to be fairly distributed. The socio-economic traits of the population needed to be braced up to make growth inclusive. The social sector is based on a welfare motive that has an imperative role to support the economy and society so that it leads to the reduction of regional disparities and poverty alleviation through employment generation. Earlier, human development incorporated health and education as the major components, but recently, with an ever-rising concern of the government and policymakers, the development of infrastructure and other components of the social sector are also considered extremely important ingredients for economic development (Nayak & Mishra, 2014).

  To remove poverty and for equal distribution of income among the masses, the government must invest in social sector development to make growth inclusive. The expenditure incurred on social sector development will create more opportunities for employment which further leads to more income for deprived classes. Human development is a much wider notion than human capital. Social Sector development provides the rationale for the growth strategy as it develops human resources by empowering them through better access to education and health, potable water and sanitation practices, housing and urban development, and the welfare of marginalised classes (Jain & Runa, 2014).

  Sen-Bhagwati Debate

  The trickle-down approach based on the Nehruvian/Mahalanobis model was advocated by Jagdish Bhagwati. After independence, India, till the Fourth Five Year Plan, experimented with this approach and failed. Sen and Dreze continued to profess the human development approach to economic development by reinforcing the social sector development, which India started emphasising since the Fifth Five Year Plan. Even otherwise, since independence, due to gnawing poverty and deprivation of the masses, social sector development had been given prime importance, to promote democratic inclusive growth.

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