Types of Nutrients

6 Key excerpts on "Types of Nutrients"

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  eBook - PDF

  Connecting Indian Wisdom and Western Science

  Plant Usage for Nutrition and Health

  • Luisella Verotta, Maria Pia Macchi, Padma Venkatasubramanian, Luisella Verotta, Maria Pia Macchi, Padma Venkatasubramanian(Authors)
  • 2015(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  83 6 Nutrients The Essence of Life Cristian Del Bo’ and Marisa Porrini 6.1 NUTRIENTS: DEFINITION AND CLASSIFICATION The approach to defining the nutritional adequacy of diet has progressed according to scientific understanding of the biochemical and physiological basis of human nutrition. The primary role of diet is to provide an adequate mix of foods and beverages in appropriate amounts, to sustain growth and development of the body and to optimize its numerous functions. This may be achieved by means of nutrients and other substances of nutritional interest, widely distributed in foods that, following absorption in the gastrointestinal track, intervene in many physiological processes and metabolic pathways essential for life. Nutrients include macronutrients, such as carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and water that the body needs in relatively large amounts, and micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals provided in minor amounts. Moreover, there are other compounds in food that, although not considered as nutrients (e.g., polyphenols, carotenoids, etc.), are involved in human metabolism CONTENTS 6.1 Nutrients: Definition and Classification.......................................................... 83 6.2 Macronutrients ................................................................................................ 84 6.2.1 Carbohydrates ..................................................................................... 84 6.2.2 Lipids .................................................................................................. 85 6.2.3 Proteins ............................................................................................... 87 6.2.4 Water ................................................................................................... 87 6.3 Micronutrients ................................................................................................

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  eBook - PDF

  Discovering Nutrition

  • Timothy Carr(Author)
  • 2008(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  Set in 10 1 / 2 on 12 pt Rotis Serif by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International Ltd, Padstow, Cornwall. For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: www.blackwellpublishing.com Contents Preface, viii Part I: Nutrients in the Environment, 1 1 Nutrition Discovered, 3 1.1 The many faces of nutrition, 3 1.2 Evolution of nutrition science, 5 1.3 Definition of a nutrient, 6 1.4 Overview of the nutrient classes, 8 2 Nutrients in Detail, 14 2.1 Carbohydrates, 14 2.2 Proteins, 17 2.3 Lipids, 18 2.4 Vitamins, 21 2.5 Minerals, 23 2.6 Water, 24 3 The Circle of Life, 29 3.1 Energy—universal life support, 29 3.2 Nutrient recycling, 32 3.3 Nutrients as energy distributors, 33 4 Nutrient Availability, 38 4.1 Global food availability, 38 4.2 Dietary recommendations, 41 4.3 Dietary supplements, 44 Part II: Nutrients in the Body, 51 5 Nutrient Capture and Assimilation, 53 5.1 Digestion, 53 5.2 Mechanisms of nutrient absorption, 56 5.3 Nutrient destinations, 58 6 The Absorptive State, 63 6.1 Liver, 63 6.2 Muscle, 65 6.3 Adipose, 66 6.4 Brain, 68 7 The Fasting State, 72 7.1 Liver, 72 7.2 Muscle, 74 7.3 Adipose, 75 7.4 Brain, 77 Part III: Physiologic Aspects of Nutrition, 83 8 Body Composition, 85 8.1 Energy balance, 85 8.2 Body fat—too much, too little, 87 8.3 Dieting vs.

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  Agroecosystems

  Soils, Climate, Crops, Nutrient Dynamics and Productivity

  • K. R. Krishna(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Apple Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  Nutrient sup-ply occurs both through natural process and extraneous additions by farmers. In any well-stabilized agroecosystem, the extent of nutrients stored and that supplied from external sources decides the intensity of cropping and productivity levels. 25.1 NUTRIENT SUPPLY THROUGH NATURAL FACTORS Agroecosystems may receive nutrients dissolved in water through precipitation, ir-rigation water, percolation, seepage from neighboring fields, riverine and atmospheric deposits, etc. Nutrients are carried on sand and dust particles that float in atmosphere. The amount of nutrients derived depends on geographic location, topography and source of the deposits. For example, fields located within large cropping belts may receive negligible or small amounts of major nutrients in a year. Whereas, fields situ-ated near seacoast or industries with large effluent discharge or emissions may accrue larger amounts of nutrient. Through the ages, farmers have stabilized soil fertility aspects of their fields us -ing inherent mineral nutrient in soil and that recycled as organic residues plus small additions of FYM. The nutrient dynamics under such supply schemes have allowed subsistence level grain/forage yield or at best average levels. Soil types that are natu-rally fertile, for example, Chernozems in Northern Great Plains or Eastern European plains, Peaty soils of Northern Europe, or Black clayey soils with high nutrient buffer-ing capacity have supported relatively higher grain/forage yield. Quite often, nutrient turnover in such fertile zones have been significantly higher than in other areas with low or moderately fertile soils. Farmers supply nutrients to their fields through a variety of inorganic chemical sources, ores, partially treated ores, soluble inorganic fertilizer, amendments and or-ganic manures. Farmers use several types of formulations such as granules, grits, pow-ders, pastes, liquids, pressurized gas (e.g., NH 3 ) and sprays, etc.

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  Sustainable Management of Land Resources

  An Indian Perspective

  • G.P. Obi Reddy, N.G. Patil, Arun Chaturvedi, G.P. Obi Reddy, N.G. Patil, Arun Chaturvedi(Authors)
  • 2017(Publication Date)
  • Apple Academic Press

    (Publisher)

  For monitoring the impact of present land use and management on soil health and to develop sustainable alternate land use plan, mapping of nutrient status and stock on real time is imperative. This kind of mapping also helps to understand the contribution of soils towards the stability of ecosystem and climate change. NBSS & LUP has completed GPS based nutrient mapping status for the state of Assam, Jharkhand, Tripura and West Bengal in GIS environment. Soil nutrient maps have thus been generated indicating spatial distribution of nutrients.

  The fertility status of the soils mainly depends on the nature of vegetation, climate, and topography, texture of soil and decomposition rate of organic matter. Optimum productivity of any cropping systems depends on adequate supply of plant nutrients. NBSS & LUP has completed nutrient mapping in selected states like West Bengal, Jharkhand, Assam and Tripura and prepared GIS based district soil nutrient maps (organic carbon, available N, P, K, S and available Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B and Mo). Soil nutrient mapping based on geo-referenced soil sampling, laboratory analysis, database structuring in GIS and subsequent interpolation maps provide information regarding soil nutrients status at district level, which enable to identify the site specific nutrient deficiencies for site specific nutrient management in agricultural planning and attaining the highest fertilizer use efficiency. In climate change mitigation strategies, assessment and site-specific integrated nutrient management improvement of nutrient use efficiency play its important role. About 47% of the nitrogen applied (36 out 78 million tons) is lost annually to the environment through leaching, erosion, runoff, and gaseous emissions (Roy et al., 2002). Nitrogen recovery for rainfed crops is about 20–30%, while irrigated crops recover only 30–40% of applied nitrogen (Roberts, 2008). By increasing nutrient use efficiency through better timing of fertilizer and organic input application, precision, and effectiveness through improved placement of appropriate quantities of applied inputs.

  2.4 ADVANCED TOOLS IN SOIL NUTRIENTS MANAGEMENT

  Part III and IV of this book has 14 chapters related to application of soil information in enhancing agricultural productivity, assessing, monitoring soil nutrient status and strategies to sustain the productivity and nutrient status. Research results on use of geospatial tools like GIS, GPS and other modern tools in soil management have been discussed by the researchers for fertility monitoring; there are two articles reporting development of nutrient indices (Gajare and Dhawan, 2017; Katkar et al., 2017) derived from the soil information/properties. These two articles emphasize importance of site-specific nutrient application derived from spatial information/distribu- tion in semi-arid part of the country. This region depends heavily on rainfall for growing seasonal crops, therefore agricultural productivity is constrained by soil moisture availability in time and space. In soybean growing soils, depletion of available phosphorus soils is notable. The other report (Sahoo et al., 2017) on soil fertility status of Jamtara district of Jharkhand elaborates evaluation and mapping using GIS environment and based on the geo- referenced database generated through the analysis of seven thousand two hundred nine (7209) composite surface (0–20 cm) soil samples collected at 500 m grid using GPS. The soils in general are low in organic matter content and available phosphorus along with moderate contents of available potassium and sulfur as well as deficiency of zinc and boron certainly reflects in general poor fertility status of the district. The next two articles (Shirale et al., 2017; Vajantha et al., 2017) discuss crop specific management interventions to overcome soil constraints. In Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera ) growing soils of Ananthapur district (semi-arid region) low to medium soil OC (0.42 to 0.64%), low available N (185 to 242 kg ha−1 ), medium available P (12.15 to 18.24 kg ha−1 ), medium to high available K (235 to 310 kg ha−1 ), and sufficient available S (10.34 to 18.22 mg kg−1

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  Soil Fertility and Nutrient Management

  A Way to Sustainable Agriculture

  • A.S. Jadeja, D.V. Hirpara, L.C. Vekaria, H.L. Sakarvadia(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  -1 soil, in case of micronutrients (small quantity).

  Trace elements: The elements which are found in very low concentration, perhaps less than one ppm or still less in soil, plant, water and other materials is termed as trace elements.

  Heavy metal: A metal having specific gravity more than 5 0 or having atomic number higher than 20 is termed as heavy metal. As a corollary, any metal heavier than calcium (Ca) is a heavy metal. For example: Pb, Cr, Co etc.

  Nutrient content: Concentration of nutrient or its amount per unit weight of a plant is termed as nutrient content. It is expressed in terms of percentage (in case of large amount) or ppm (in case of small amount). For example: Mango leaves contain 1.0 to 1.5 % N and 20 to 50 ppm Fe.

  Nutrient accumulation: Storage of nutrient in a particular part or portion of the plant is called nutrient accumulation. For example: Cowpea pods contain 5.0 % N.

  Nutrient uptake: Amount of nutrient taken up by the growing crops from either soil or other sources, is called nutrient uptake. It is expressed in terms of kg ha- 1 or g had . For example: N uptake by brinjal crop is 50 kg had.

  Nutrient   uptake   (kg  

  ha

  -1

  ) =

  Nutrient   content   (%)   ×   Yield

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  Functional Plant Ecology

  • Francisco Pugnaire, Fernando Valladares, Francisco Pugnaire, Fernando Valladares(Authors)
  • 2007(Publication Date)
  • CRC Press

    (Publisher)

  To understand the changes in plant communities that occur after an increase in nutrient supply, it is essential to understand how plant species are adapted to environments with different nutrient availabilities. The relation between nutrient supply and long-term success of a plant individual in a natural ecosystem is determined by three important components of plant functioning: 1. the acquisition of nutrients in soils that are always more or less heterogeneous; 2. the use of absorbed nutrients for carbon assimilation and other plant functions; 3. the loss of nutrients determining the length of the time period that nutrients can be used. In this chapter, we subsequently consider these three aspects and finally attempt to integrate them to conclude how plant species cope with nutrient-poor and nutrient-rich environments. We focus on plants growing in their natural habitat. Such plant individuals experience a heterogeneous substrate, they have to compete for soil resources and light with other plants, and they frequently lose large quantities of nutrients through abscission, disturbances, and herbivory. 259 NUTRIENT UPTAKE KINETICS: BASIC PRINCIPLES Nutrient uptake is determined by both supply and demand at the root surface. Nutrients arrive at the root surface by the mass flow of water toward the root, which is driven by transpiration. Plants deplete the soil solution near the roots, when the nutrient uptake rate exceeds the rate at which nutrients arrive. By doing so they create concentration gradients around the roots that trigger diffusion of nutrients toward the root surface, which adds to the supply by mass flow. When the depletion at the root surface proceeds, uptake must come in pace with the supply rate.

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