Languages & Linguistics
Endophoric Reference
Endophoric reference is a linguistic term that refers to the use of language to refer to something within the same text or discourse. It is a way of creating cohesion and coherence within a text by using words or phrases that refer back to something that has already been mentioned. Endophoric reference can take many forms, including pronouns, demonstratives, and lexical repetition.
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3 Key excerpts on "Endophoric Reference"
eBook - ePub- M.A.K. Halliday, Ruqaiya Hasan(Authors)
- 2014(Publication Date)
- Routledge(Publisher)
There are of course many other aspects to restricted code than a high frequency of exophoric reference. But one of the principal characteristics of restricted code is dependence on the context, and the exophoric use of reference items is one form such dependence takes.A reference item is not of itself exophoric or endophoric; it is just ‘phoric’ – it simply has the property of reference. Any given INSTANCE of reference may be either one or the other, or it may even be both at once. We shall see in this chapter that there are tendencies for particular items or classes of items to be used exophorically or endophorically; but the reference relation is itself neutral: it merely means ‘see elsewhere’. On the other hand, as we have emphasized already, only Endophoric Reference is cohesive. Exophoric reference contributes to the CREATION of text, in that it links the language with the context of situation; but it does not contribute to the INTEGRATION of one passage with another so that the two together form part of the SAME text. Hence it does not contribute directly to cohesion as we have defined it.For this reason we shall take only little account of exophoric reference, not attempting to describe it in detail but bringing it in where it relates to and contrasts with reference within the text. We shall treat ‘endophoric’ reference as the norm; not implying by this that it is the logically prior form of the reference relation, but merely that it is the form of it which plays a part in cohesion, and which therefore has priority in the context of the present study. At the same time, however, where we identify TYPES OF REFERENCE and REFERENCE ITEMS in the language, we do so on the criterion of reference potential without regard to the endophoric/exophoric distinction. A reference item is any one which has this potential, and a systematic account of the different types of reference and their place in the linguistic system has to be based on the generalized concept of reference and not on the particular concrete form that it takes when incorporated into the text.
eBook - ePubAnaphora Resolution and Text Retrieval
A Linguistic Analysis of Hypertexts
- Helene Schmolz(Author)
- 2015(Publication Date)
- De Gruyter(Publisher)
Finch (2005), in contrast, states that deixis is both exophoric and endophoric. He explains that “[one] form of deixis is EXOPHORIC in character in that it is situationally, or contextually, bound. A secondary form of deixis is ENDOPHORIC and serves to locate items textually” (ibid.: 210-211). The latter occurs in examples such as (19), in which this refers to the following sentence and so is cataphoric while being deictic in Finch’s point of view. In this book, this in (19) is a case of a cataphoric interpretation. (19) Keep this in mind: you must not smoke. All in all, the tendency is to see deixis as exophoric and anaphora as endophoric (cf. Green 2006: 417). This could go back to the fact that the words exophora and endophora by Halliday & Hasan (2008) did not come into extensive use but are instead frequently replaced by deixis and anaphora (cf. Vater 2005: 18). For instance, Huddleston & Pullum’s The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language (2010) includes a chapter called “deixis and anaphora”, rather than “exophora and endophora”. 2.4 Anaphors as cohesive devices in texts Anaphors linguistically belong to the concept of cohesion. Anaphors are cohesive devices because they establish relations between linguistic elements in texts and therefore contribute to the cohesion of a text. Therefore, this chapter investigates cohesion and other basic concepts of text linguistics. Finally, the role anaphors play in reducing texts will be discussed. 2.4.1 Texts and their features As this book analyses texts, the question of what a text is will now be examined. To start with, there is no agreed definition of the term “text” among linguists. In a strict sense, “text” only refers to written forms of language, which is also consistent with the way “text” is used in everyday language. Yet, it can also be used for spoken forms of language (cf. Matthews 2007: 405-406). Instead of text, the word discourse is often used synonymously (cf
eBook - PDF- Henriëtte Hendriks(Author)
- 2011(Publication Date)
- De Gruyter Mouton(Publisher)
Our research questions are the following: - How do learners express and integrate information from the semantic do-main of person when producing a coherent (narrative) text at a given time? In other words: what are learners' choices in referential movement with re-gard to the personal domain? - How do their procedures change at different levels of competence? - Which factors affect referential choices in post-basic to advanced learner varieties? 2. Earlier studies Studies on reference have adopted several perspectives: theoretical and phi-losophical, descriptive, typological, and, of course, acquisitional. It is not pos-sible here to extensively review all this literature (cf. Andorno 2003; Sterelny 1994; Garrod and Sanford 1994 for rapid reviews); before concentrating on some acquisitional studies in this field it would be useful to remember some basic concepts and works of more general interest. 2.1. Reference Reference (Halliday and Hasan 1976) is a concept belonging primarily to the philosophical (Frege, Russel, Wittgenstein), semiotic (Ogden and Richards) and semantic tradition (for a synthesis, cf. Lyons 1977; Sterelny 1994). Simply put, reference is the relationship which holds between words and things (Lyons 1968: 404), or, better, the speaker himself refers to various (real or fictitious) entities by using some appropriate referential expressions (Lyons 1977: 177). Referential expressions are not only linguistic, but also, ontoge-netically earlier, non-linguistic (i.e. pointing), in L2 as in LI (Atkinson 1979). Reference to person in learner discourse 67 We cannot treat the non-linguistic means here, but we will concentrate on lin-guistic reference, and in particular reference to extralinguistic entities (= refer-ents), mainly persons; deictic and textual references are neglected in the pre-sent study. Referents belong to one of the following five domains: persons and objects (= entities), times, places, actions-events, modalities.
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