Manner of Articulation

8 Key excerpts on "Manner of Articulation"

• 

  eBook - PDF

  Understanding Phonetics

  • Patricia Ashby(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Speech is produced on a moving airstream which is modified by the articulators as it travels through the vocal tract. Each different speech sound is the product of different articulatory modifications, so the air that leaves the speaker’s mouth has a unique pattern which relates directly to the articulatory gestures that produced it. It is this unique pattern that in turn impacts on the ear-drum; the brain recognizes the pattern and decodes it to tell the listener which sound has been said. With practice, we can learn to ‘read’ spectrograms and waveforms. An excellent introduction to phonetics which is written specifically from the acoustic viewpoint is Ashby and Maidment (2005), and an excellent overview of these and other instrumental techniques and representations (including simple photography as a means of recording lip positions) can be found in Ladefoged (2003). 4.3 Manner of Articulation 4.3.1 Nasal Nasal consonants – those for which all the egressive pulmonic air is directed via the nasal cavity – are very common. Almost all languages have them. speech waveform Speech spertmgram Manner of Articulation 53 (Maddieson (2008c) records just 13 languages or 0.04 per cent of the 2,650 mapped in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online (WALS) sample as having no nasals in their consonant inventories.) English has three: [m] as in mummy, [n] as in none and [ŋ] as in thinking. A fourth type, [], is found in languages such as Spanish (specifically Castilian Spanish unless otherwise stated), as in mañana ‘tomorrow’, French, as in agneau ‘lamb’ and Italian, as in gnocchi ‘potato balls’. The difference between these sounds lies entirely in the place of articulation. For all nasal consonants, as already said, the velum is in the lowered position, there is pulmonic egressive airflow and normally, too, the vocal folds will be vibrating.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  An Introduction to Language and Linguistics

  • Ralph W. Fasold, Jeff Connor-Linton(Authors)
  • 2014(Publication Date)
  • Cambridge University Press

    (Publisher)

  The various places of articulation are discussed in following sections; we turn fi rst to the various manners of articulation. Manners of articulation The manners of articulation include: stop, fricative, affricate, approximant, and vowel. If the active and passive articulators are brought together to make a complete closure, so that air fl ow out of the mouth is completely cut off, the Manner of Articulation is a stop . The sounds [p], [t], and [k] in English are stops. Say the word poppa very slowly, and note that there is complete silence, with no air exiting the mouth, while the lips are closed for [p] in the middle of the word. You may even feel pressure building up behind the lips, as air continues fl owing from the lungs and has nowhere to go. This pressure is released with a slight pop, or burst, when the lips are opened. The sound [m] is a nasal stop. Even though the velum is open and air fl ows freely out of the nose, so that you can hum a tune while producing an [m] sound, the Manner of Articulation is still a stop, because the lips are completely closed, as they were for [p]. (Try pinching your nose closed for a moment while you ’ re humming a tune, and see what happens.) If the articulators are brought close together but not closed completely, so that the stream of air that is forced between them becomes turbulent and noisy, the Manner of Articulation is a fricative . The sounds [s], [z], [f], and [v] are fricatives. Affricates combine a sequence of stop plus fricative in a single sound. The sound usually written ch in English is an affricate. Try saying the word achoo as slowly as possible, paying attention 21 The sounds of language to the movement of the tongue between the a and oo sounds. You fi rst make a closure with the tongue front at or just behind the alveolar ridge, and then lower the tongue tip to let the air out through a narrow constriction slightly further back, between the tongue blade and postalveolar region.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Speech Sound Disorders in Children

  Articulation & Phonological Disorders

  • John E Bernthal, Nicholas W Bankson, Peter Flipsen(Authors)
  • 2021(Publication Date)
  • Brookes Publishing

    (Publisher)

  The manner of consonant articulation refers to the degree or type of closure, and the place of consonant articulation refers to the location of the constriction. In addition, consonants are described as voiced when the vocal folds are vibrating and voiceless when the vocal folds are not vibrating. Thus, an individual consonant can be specified by using three terms: one to describe voicing, one to describe place, and one to describe manner. Tables 2.2 and 2.3 show combinations of these terms used to specify the consonants of English. Table 2.3. Classification of consonants by place and voicing within manner Table 2.2 contains four columns, showing place of articulation, phonetic symbol and key word, Manner of Articulation, and voicing. The terms for place of articulation usually signify two opposing structures that accomplish a localized constriction of the vocal tract. In the definitions that follow, notice the two structures involved for the place terms: Bilabial: two lips (bi = two and labia = lip) Labial/velar: lips, and a constriction between the dorsum or back of the tongue and the velum Labiodental: lower lip and upper teeth Linguadental or interdental: tip of tongue and upper teeth (lingua = tongue) Linguaalveolar: tip of tongue and the alveolar ridge Linguapalatal: blade of tongue and palatal area behind the alveolar ridge Linguavelar: dorsum or back of tongue and roof of mouth in the velar area Glottal: the two vocal folds Each of these places of articulation is discussed more fully on the next several pages. To get a feeling for these different places of consonant articulation, concentrate on the first sounds in each word as you say the sequence pie, why, vie, thigh, tie, shy, guy, hi

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Understanding Phonetics

  • Patricia Ashby(Author)
  • 2013(Publication Date)
  • Routledge

    (Publisher)

  Exercise 1.12 , the visible representations of the vibrations and disturbances made in the air when we speak. Speech is produced on a moving airstream which is modified by the articulators as it travels through the vocal tract. Each different speech sound is the product of different articulatory modifications, so the air that leaves the speaker’s mouth has a unique pattern which relates directly to the articulatory gestures that produced it. It is this unique pattern that in turn impacts on the ear-drum; the brain recognizes the pattern and decodes it to tell the listener which sound has been said. With practice, we can learn to ‘read’ spectrograms and waveforms.

  An excellent introduction to phonetics which is written specifically from the acoustic viewpoint is Ashby and Maidment (2005), and an excellent overview of these and other instrumental techniques and representations (including simple photography as a means of recording lip positions) can be found in Ladefoged (2003).

  4.3  Manner of Articulation

  4.3.1  Nasal

  Nasal consonants – those for which all the egressive pulmonic air is directed via the nasal cavity – are very common. Almost all languages have them. (Maddieson (2008c) records just 13 languages or 0.04 per cent of the 2,650 mapped in the World Atlas of Language Structures Online (WALS) sample as having no nasals in their consonant inventories.) English has three: [m] as in m ummy , [n] as in n one and [ŋ] as in thin king . A fourth type, [ɲ], is found in languages such as Spanish (specifically Castilian Spanish unless otherwise stated), as in mañ ana ‘tomorrow’, French, as in agn eau ‘lamb’ and Italian, as in gn

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Sounds of English Worldwide

  • Raymond Hickey(Author)
  • 2023(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  2.3 onsonnts 73 articulation, (ii) Manner of Articulation, and (iii) voice. 7 The last parameter is binary: present or not present. The other two involve a number of values. Place of articulation can have any of seven values in English; in Table I.20 these are listed from left to right labeling positions at the exit of the mouth back to the throat (see Figure I.16). Manner of Articulation specifies the degree of closure for a sound, i.e. the extent to which the egressive air flow is cut off or in some way constricted dur- ing articulation. Table I.20 Place and Manner of Articulation. Place of articulation Labial Labio-dental Dental Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Velar Glottal Manner of Articulation Closure: Complete Partial Complete + Partial Stops Fricatives Affricates Constriction: Present Absent Glides Vowels Resonance chambers when producing sounds Mouth Nose Throat Oral cavity Nasal cavity Pharynx (supra-glottal tract) Nasal cavity palate alveolar ridge Tongue (raised) Tongue (rest position) epiglottis glottis (space between vocal folds) trachea larynx lip lips labial dental Place Adjective lip teeth teeth alveolar alveolar ridge palate velum uvula uvular larynx laryngeal glottal glottis velar palatal teeth tongue tip velum uvula Figure I.16 Places of articulation. I.2 The Sound System of English 74 When wishing to classify sounds other than obstruents, further parameters are required, e.g. nasality to distinguish /d/ and /n/ or /b/ and /m/, for example. Laterality and rhoticity apply to Ls and Rs respectively. For these segments one does not need to specify voice as they are all by default voiced; the same is true for glides (in English). Consonants have an additional axis along which they vary in English, that of voice (Table I.21). All obstruents, bar /h/, come in pairs consisting of a voiceless and a voiced member (see Table I.22).

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - ePub

  Phonetics

  Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception

  • Henning Reetz, Allard Jongman(Authors)
  • 2011(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  4

  Place and Manner of Articulation of Consonants and Vowels

  In Chapter 3, we described the English consonants in terms of voicing, place of articulation, and Manner of Articulation. We also described the English vowels in terms of frontness, height, and lip rounding. This use of different dimensions in the description of consonants and vowels suggests that the articulation of these two classes of sounds has little in common. However, the articulatory description of both consonants and vowels is largely based on location of constriction (“place of articulation” in consonants, “frontness” in vowels) and degree of constriction (“Manner of Articulation” in consonants, “height” in vowels). It is therefore reasonable to use the terms place and Manner of Articulation in the description of both consonants and vowels.

  The speech sounds of English form a subset of all the speech sounds that have been documented across the languages of the world. Currently, it is estimated that there are approximately 6,000–7,000 languages in the world. However, many of these languages are spoken by only a few native speakers and are in danger of disappearing. Nevertheless, all languages are equally valuable. The fact that only a few people speak a particular language does not mean that this language is “strange” or “unnatural” – it is simply a consequence of historical (political or economic) developments. It has recently been estimated that more than half of all languages that are currently spoken will be extinct a hundred years from now. Fortunately, the languages that have been documented so far provide us with a rich inventory of speech sounds used throughout the world. The IPA chart on the last page of this book shows the inventory of IPA symbols that are available to transcribe many sounds of the world’s languages. It is clear that there are a large number of non-English sounds in other languages that we have not covered in the previous chapter on English consonants and vowels. It must be noted that the IPA was originally devised by Western European scientists and that the selection of sounds that are represented with single symbols still reflects those original languages, which also accounts for the left-to-right writing of the symbols to indicate a sequence of sounds. The current IPA is therefore a rather arbitrary mixture of symbols corresponding to letters of the Roman and Greek alphabets, modifications (e.g. inversion) of these letters, as well as borrowings from other writing and symbol systems. This choice of symbols has the disadvantage that the organizing principles of place and Manner of Articulation are not inherently represented. For example, it is not the case that all symbols representing fricatives share a particular graphic characteristic that distinguishes them as a class from all other symbols. Likewise, the symbols for all bilabials do not have anything in common. Nevertheless, the current set of IPA symbols can be used to represent most sounds of the world’s languages.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  Phonetics

  Transcription, Production, Acoustics, and Perception

  • Henning Reetz, Allard Jongman(Authors)
  • 2020(Publication Date)
  • Wiley-Blackwell

    (Publisher)

  Place and Manner of Articulation of Consonants and Vowels 65 Of these four types of secondary articulation, labialization is the most common across the world’s languages. While secondary articulations are phonemic in certain languages, they are represented by means of diacritics in IPA. In this chapter, we have tried to illustrate the great variety that exists in terms of place and Manner of Articulation in consonants and vowels of the world’s lan-guages. Needless to say, this is not a complete listing of all sounds in the languages of the world. But this chapter should enhance the appreciation of the many differ-ent ways in which speech sounds are produced in languages other than English. Which sounds are perceived as more or less “exotic” will of course for a large part depend on the native language of a speaker. The next chapter describes the airflow from the lungs to the lips and nostrils in detail. Chapter 6 then describes additional consonants that are produced with an airstream that does not originate in the lungs. Exercises 1. Choose several of the shaded cells from the IPA chart, and try to explain why these articulations are considered impossible. 2. In what way could the production of [m] in ‘emphasis’ differ from the one in ‘empire’? Why? 3. Why are dental, alveolar, and postalveolar combined into one column in the IPA chart? 4. Explain how taps and trills are produced differently, and give one example of each. 5. Why are some vowels that contrast length transcribed with diacritics ([ ɛ ] and [ ɛː ]) while others are transcribed with separate symbols ([ ɪ ] and [i])? 6. What is a secondary articulation? Summarize and give examples of four types of secondary articulation. Notes 1. This chapter does not have a “nutshell” section, since it adds more consonants and vowels to the IPA tables introduced in Chapter 3. 2. See the website www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/content/ipa-handbook-downloads and www.phonetics.ucla.edu.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book
• 

  eBook - PDF

  A Critical Introduction to Phonetics

  • Ken Lodge(Author)
  • 2009(Publication Date)
  • Continuum

    (Publisher)

  Once you can do this in a controlled way, do the same tongue movements with [m]: [m i m Y irfm Y m j m Y m i m Y ]. Variation of resonance of [m], for example, occurs in Scots Gaelic. Another point to remember that we will take up again later is Articulation 45 that resonance is very often a feature of a number of sounds at a time, for example, a whole syllable (see Kelly and Local [1989]). 2.9.5 Laterals We now move on to a number of manners of articulation which are restricted to only some of the places of articulation. The first has already been men-tioned in our discussions so far: laterals. Such sounds are produced by letting the egressive air flow out of the mouth round the sides of the tongue. (Laterals may be released down only one side of the tongue, or down both sides.) As mentioned in section 2.9.1, English stops in words like bottle, hospital, middle, model, when there is no vowel phase in the second, unstressed syllable, have a lateral release phase: [-ti], [-dt]. Say these words in this way and try to feel the sides of the tongue move away from the upper molars. The complete contact at the alveolar ridge is maintained. There are two types of lateral: one in which the distance between the sides of the tongue and the side teeth is great enough to allow the air to pass freely, as in English [1]; these are called lateral approximants. The other type has close, but not complete contact with the teeth, resulting in lateral fricatives: [i lj], both of which are found in Zulu, and the first one (voiceless) in Welsh: [ten] llan church'. This Manner of Articulation is restricted to points of contact from the teeth to the palate, though the fricatives are even more restricted to dental and alveolar places of contact.

  Sign up to read

  Learn more about book